Designed for safety: characteristics and trends in crime prevention through environmental design research

Figures & data

Figure 1. Environmental design prevention of criminal theory development process map.

Figure 2. Flowchart of crime prevention through environmental design research.

Figure 3. Trend fitting curve chart of the number of publications on environmental design crime prevention research from 1998 to 2023.

Figure 4. Annual trend chart of the number of publications on environmental design crime prevention research from 1998 to 2023.

Table 1. Statistics of highly cited literature on environmental design crime prevention research.

Number	years	Essay topic	Number of citations	phase
1	1998	Transforming inner-city landscapes - Trees, sense of safety, and preference	314	The first stage
2	1999	The Alchemy of CPTED: Less Magic, More Science	10	The second stage
3	2000	Effectiveness of crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED) in reducing robberies	120
4	2001	Environment and Crime in the City Does Vegetation Reduce Crime	1388
5	2003	Zoning out crime and improving community health in Sarasota, Florida: “Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design	48
6	2004	Incivilities, place attachment and crime: Block and individual effects	135
7	2005	Measuring crime prevention through environmental design	59
8	2006	crime prevention through environmental design : Discourses of risk, social control, and a neo-liberal context	30
9	2007	Guardianship in context: Implications for burglary victimization risk and prevention	118
10	2008	New Urbanism, Crime and the Suburbs: A Review of the Evidence	48
11	2009	LAND USE AND VIOLENT CRIME	180
12	2010	Reconceptualizing public area surveillance and crime prevention: Security guards, place managers and defensible space	37
13	2011	Creating safe walkable streetscapes: Does house design and upkeep discourage incivilities in suburban neighbourhoods?	53	The third phase
14	2012	Crime, fear of crime, environment, and mental health and wellbeing: Mapping review of theories and causal pathways	285
15	2013	REDUCING CRIME BY SHAPING THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT WITH ZONING: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF LOS ANGELES	52
16	2014	Using remote sensing to assess the relationship between crime and the urban layout	41
17	2015	A Review and Current Status of crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED)	137
18	2016	Residential crimes and neighbourhood built environment: Assessing the effectiveness of crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED)	60
19	2017	Built environment and violent crime: An environmental audit approach using Google Street View	110
20	2018	Busy Streets Theory: The Effects of Community-engaged Greening on Violence	58
21	2019	Mixed land use and neighborhood crime	45	The fourth phase.
22	2020	Pedestrian safety perception and urban street settings	40
23	2021	“Perception bias”: Deciphering a mismatch between urban crime and perception of safety	37
24	2022	Reducing Crime Through Environmental Design: Evidence from a Randomized Experiment of Street Lighting in New York City	32
25	2023	Measuring the associations between eye-level urban design quality and on-street crime density around New York subway entrances	6

Figure 5. Environmental design for crime prevention 1998–2023 research keywords time zone view.

Figure 6. Environmental design crime prevention research keyword co-occurrence knowledge map.

Table 2. Co-occurrence frequency and intermediary neutrality of hot keywords in environmental design crime prevention research.

Number	Keywords	Frequency	Centrality
1	crime prevention	93	0.2
2	fear of crime	81	0.15
3	environment	43	0.13
4	defensible space	42	0.32
5	crime	39	0.26
6	violent crime	29	0.1
7	city	18	0.11
8	disorder	14	0.11

Figure 7. Environmental design crime prevention keyword cluster chart.