Seasonal variations in city color preferences incorporating sex and age factors

Figures & data

Table 1. The composition of the color samples.

Hue	Color samples and color notation of Munsell	Count
R		22 9.44%
YR		36 15.45%
Y		34 14.59%
GY		36 15.45%
G		18 7.73%
BG		20 8.58%
B		16 6.87%
PB		22 9.44%
P		8 3.343%
RP		15 6.44%
N		6 2.58%

Table 2. The composition of participants.

	summer	winter
sex
age

Figure 1. Flow chart of statistics.

Table 3. Season * hue cross tabulation.

Table 4. Results of chi-square test.

	Value	df	Asymptotic Significance (2-sided)
Pearson chi-square	21.561	10	0.018
Likelihood ratio	21.740	10	0.016
N of valid cases	665

Figure 2. Seasonal changes in value and chroma preference of city color.

Table 5. Results of wilcoxon rank sum test of value and chroma preference.

	Value preference	Chroma preference
N	665	665
Mann-Whitney U	55737.000	56295.000
Wilcoxon W	118927.000	119485.000
Test statistics	55737.000	56295.000
Standard error	2415.097	2450.230
Standardized test statistics	0.295	0.518
Asymptotic significance (2-sided)	0.768	0.604

Table 6. Results of parameter estimates (The reference category: Y).

Hue		B	p value	Exp(B)	95% Confidence interval of Exp(B)
R	Intercept	−0.624	0.020	–	–	–
	Season 1: summer	−0.775	0.048	0.461	0.213	0.994
	Season 2: winter	0	–	–	–	–
YR	Intercept	−0.270	0.273	–	–	–
	Season 1: summer	−0.485	0.140	0.615	0.323	1.173
	Season 2: winter	0	–	–	–	–
GY	Intercept	0.597	0.003	–	–	–
	Season 1: summer	−1.175	0.000	0.309	0.176	0.543
	Season 2: winter	0	–	–	–	–
G	Intercept	−1.335	0.000	–	–	–
	Season 1: summer	−0.657	0.191	0.518	0.194	1.388
	Season 2: winter	0	–	–	–	–
BG	Intercept	−0.547	0.041	–	–	–
	Season 1: summer	−0.935	0.017	0.393	0.182	0.846
	Season 2: winter	0	–	–	–	–
B	Intercept	−0.270	0.273	–	–	–
	Season 1: summer	−0.552	0.097	0.576	0.300	1.104
	Season 2: winter	0	–	–	–	–
PB	Intercept	0.351	0.097	–	–	–
	Season 1: summer	−0.708	0.007	0.458	0.260	0.807
	Season 2: winter	0	–	–	–	–
P	Intercept	−1.846	0.000	–	–	–
	Season 1: summer	−0.264	0.647	0.768	0248	2.379
	Season 2: winter	0	–	–	–	–
RP	Intercept	−1.335	0.000	–	–	–
	Season 1: summer	−0.657	0.191	0.518	0.194	1.388
	Season 2: winter	0	–	–	–	–
N	Intercept	0.582	0.004	–	–	–
	Season 1: summer	−0.921	0.000	0.398	0.231	0.684
	Season 2: winter	0	–	–	–	–

Table 7. Results of parameter estimates (The reference category: GY).

Hue		B	p value	Exp(B)	95% Confidence interval of Exp(B)
R	Intercept	−1.238	0.000	–	–	–
	Season 1: summer	0.400	0.308	1.492	0.691	3.220
	Season 2: winter	0	–	–	–	–
YR	Intercept	−0.867	0.000	–	–	–
	Season 1: summer	0.690	0.036	1.993	1.046	3.799
	Season 2: winter	0	–	–	–	–
Y	Intercept	−0.597	0.003	–	–	–
	Season 1: summer	1.175	0.000	3.239	1.842	5.697
	Season 2: winter	0	–	–	–	–
G	Intercept	−1.932	0.338	–	–	–
	Season 1: summer	0.518	0.303	1.678	0.627	4.495
	Season 2: winter	0	–	–	–	–
BG	Intercept	−1.143	0.000	–	–	–
	Season 1: summer	0.240	0.540	1.271	0.590	2.741
	Season 2: winter	0	–	–	–	–
B	Intercept	−0.867	0.000	–	–	–
	Season 1: summer	0.623	0.061	1.865	0.972	3.587
	Season 2: winter	0	–	–	–	–
PB	Intercept	−0.245	0.177	–	–	–
	Season 1: summer	0.395	0.171	1.485	0.843	2.614
	Season 2: winter	0	–	–	–	–
P	Intercept	−2.442	0.000	–	–	–
	Season 1: summer	0.911	0.115	2.486	0.802	7.708
	Season 2: winter	0	–	–	–	–
RP	Intercept	−1.932	0.000	–	–	–
	Season 1: summer	0.518	0.303	1.678	0.627	4.495
	Season 2: winter	0	–	–	–	–
N	Intercept	−0.015	0.932	–	–	–
	Season 1: summer	0.254	0.362	1.289	0.747	2.224
	Season 2: winter	0	–	–	–	–

Table 8. Season * hue * sex cross tabulation.

Table 9. Results of CMH test.

	Value		df		Asymptotic Significance
	Male	Female	Male	Female	Male	Female
Pearson Chi-Square	23.866	6.939	10	10	0.008	0.731
Likelihood Ratio	24.202	7.019	10	10	0.007	0.724
N of Valid Cases	338	327

Table 10. Season * hue * age cross tabulation.

Table 11. Results of CMH test.

Age		Value	df	Asymptotic Sig. (2–sided)	Exact Sig. (2–sided)
<25	Pearson Chi–Square	6.752	10	0.749	0.784
	Fisher’s Exact Test	6.887	–	–	0.770
25–40	Pearson Chi–Square	16.465	10	0.087	0.075
	Fisher’s Exact Test	–	–	–	–
40–60	Pearson Chi–Square	15.279	10	0.122	0.117
	Fisher’s Exact Test	15.048	–	–	0.114
>60	Pearson Chi–Square	17.444	10	0.065	0.052
	Fisher’s Exact Test	16.575	–	–	0.059

Table 12. Season * hue * age * sex cross tabulation.

Table 13. Results of CMH test.

Sex	Age		Value	df	Asymptotic Sig. (2–sided)	Exact Sig. (2–sided)
Male	<25	Pearson Chi–Square	2.517	8	0.961	0.970
		Fisher’s Exact Test	3.000	–	–	0.969
	25–40	Pearson Chi–Square	15.506	8	0.050	0.039
		Fisher’s Exact Test	13.859	–	–	0.058
	40–60	Pearson Chi–Square	16.654	9	0.054	0.042
		Fisher’s Exact Test	15.594	–	–	0.044
	>60	Pearson Chi–Square	17.595	10	0.062	0.045
		Fisher’s Exact Test	16.279	–	–	0.050
Female	<25	Pearson Chi–Square	6.043	10	0.812	0.859
		Fisher’s Exact Test	6.624	–	–	0.816
	25–40	Pearson Chi–Square	9.297	10	0.504	0.528
		Fisher’s Exact Test	9.201	–	–	0.522
	40–60	Pearson Chi–Square	8.919	10	0.540	0.579
		Fisher’s Exact Test	8.600	–	–	0.593
	>60	Pearson Chi–Square	10.605	8	0.225	0.224
		Fisher’s Exact Test	10.207	–	–	0.223

Figure 3. Environment vision in summer (left) and winter (right) of Busan city.

Data availability statement

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author, upon reasonable request.