Notes
1. For the quotes, see Adam Mickiewicz, Pan Tadeusz, trans. George Rapall Noyes (London: J.M. Dent, 1943), 96–7; Stanislaw Wyspiański, The Wedding, 52 (Act 1, Scene 28). On the metamorphoses of the image in the history of nineteenth-century Polish literature, see Magdalena Opalski, The Jewish Tavern-Keeper and His Tavern in Nineteenth-Century Polish Literature (Jerusalem: Zalman Shazar, 1986), especially Chapters 3 and 4.