Environmental policy integration in the EU’s common agricultural policy: greening or greenwashing?

Figures & data

Table 1. The effects of (post-)exceptionalism on EPI in agriculture.

	Exceptionalism	Post-Exceptionalism
Process	Procedures/institutions: • Very limited co-ordination between agricultural and non-agricultural departments • Environmental actors lack access to the agricultural policy network • Very limited attention to environmental considerations in evaluations	Procedures/institutions: • More comprehensive co-ordination between agricultural and non-agricultural departments • Environmental actors gain marginal (‘tense’ PE)/genuine (‘complementary’ PE) access to the policy network • Structural attention to environmental considerations in evaluations
	Discourse: • Zero-sum representation of economic (farm) and environmental interests • Legitimating discourse based on economic (producers’) interests • Emphasis on agriculture’s contribution to food supply	Discourse: • Positive-sum (interdependence) representation of economic (farm) interests and environmental interests • Legitimating discourse also based on environmental interests (but potentially strategically) • Emphasis on agriculture’s provision of environmental public goods
Output	• Policies do not have environmental objectives • If policies contain environmental aspects, they will be voluntary	• Policies have (partly) environmental objectives • More mandatory environmental policies
Outcome	• Very limited positive environmental effects (unintended side-effects)	• More positive environmental effects • Policies watered-down during implementation if environmental discourse was ‘strategic’