Failing forward in Economic and Monetary Union: explaining weak Eurozone financial support mechanisms

Figures & data

Table 1. Growing divergence in the Eurozone (five largest national economies).

Date	Germany	France	Italy	Spain	Netherlands	Eurozone* average	Difference Highest – lowest country	Difference Highest–Lowest country as % of lowest	Difference between Highest and Eurozone average as % of Eurozone average	Difference between Lowest and Eurozone average as % of Eurozone average
GDP per capita**
1999	27.0	25.6	22.0	15.8	28.4	22.3	12.6	41.3	27.4	29.1
2009	42.3	43.2	37.0	31.3	52.8	38.6	21.5	41.9	36.8	18.8
2019	46.5	41.9	33.2	30.0	52.7	39.1	22.7	38.2	34.8	23.3
2020***	45.5	39.3	30.7	26.8	51.3	37.1	24.5	49.5	38.3	30.5
Unemployment rate****
1999	8.6	10	10.9	13.6	4.2	9.7	9.4	224	40.2	56.7
2009	7.6	9.1	7.7	17.9	4.4	9.6	13.5	307	86.4	54.2
2019	3.2	8.8	10.4	14.4	3.6	7.9	11.2	350	82.3	54.4
2020***	3.0	8.4	10.0	13.3	3.6	7.5	10.3	343	77.3	52.0
Government debt levels
1999	60.1	60.5	113.3	60.8	58.6	71.4	54.7	93	59	17.9
2009	73	83	116.6	53.3	56.8	80.2	63.3	119	45.4	33.5
2019	59.6	98.1	134.7	95.5	48.7	84	86	177	60.4	42.0
2020***	67.4	114.1	149.4	110.1	55.2	95.1	94.2	171	57.1	42.0

Source: European Central Bank, Data Warehouse; IMF Datamapper.

*Eurozone of 19.

**US$ (thousands), current prices.

***End of third quarter.

****Unemployment rate (percentage of active population).