Welfare states, media ownership and attitudes towards redistribution

Figures & data

Table 1. Preferences towards redistribution and concentration of media ownership; multilevel random-intercept regression coefficients.

	M1	M2	M3	M4	M5	M6	M7	M8
	Support for redistribution
Country-level variables
Media ownership concentration	−0.006 (0.004)	−0.008** (0.003)	−0.008** (0.004)		−0.008* (0.005)		−0.007*** (0.003)
Income inequality		0.036** (0.017)	0.037** (0.018)	0.024 (0.018)	0.045** (0.019)	0.034* (0.019)	0.022* (0.012)	0.012 (0.013)
Public social spending			−0.002 (0.012)	0.008 (0.012)
Conservative (ref: Liberal welfare states)					0.029 (0.195)	0.203 (0.184)	−0.009 (0.114)	0.146 (0.119)
Social-democratic					0.207 (0.199)	0.143 (0.213)	0.171 (0.117)	0.114 (0.138)
Eastern European					0.239 (0.187)	0.351* (0.191)	0.294*** (0.110)	0.395*** (0.124)
Southern European					0.167 (0.219)	0.397** (0.193)	0.193 (0.128)	0.400*** (0.125)
Individual-level controls	included	included	included	included	included	included	included	included
Constant	4.232*** (0.272)	2.586*** (0.814)	2.614*** (0.835)	2.438*** (0.927)	2.068** (0.935)	1.906* (1.010)	3.163*** (0.580)	3.041*** (0.694)
Observations	31354	31354	31354	31354	31354	31354	29332	29332
Number of countries	18	18	18	18	18	18	17	17
Random intercept variance (country level)	0.058	0.046	0.046	0.058	0.037	0.044	0.013	0.018
Residual variance (individual level)	0.906	0.906	0.906	0.906	0.906	0.906	0.880	0.880
% variance reduction country level	0.191	0.354	0.355	0.195	0.478	0.384	0.734	0.612
% variance reduction individual level	0.026	0.026	0.026	0.026	0.026	0.026	0.024	0.024

Maximum likelihood regression coefficients; standard errors in parentheses; all models control at the individual level for age, gender, employment status, and social class; full results are presented in Table A.3 in the online appendix.

Notes: *p < .10, **p < .05, ***p < .01.