https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6963-4296
Figures & data
Figure 1. Average liberal democracy scores by region. Note: V-Dem Liberal Democracy index (1 highest, 0 lowest).
Figure 2. Liberal democracy scores by EU member states. Note: V-Dem Liberal Democracy index (0–1). Dotted lines indicate eastern EU member states, solid lines western member states (Malta and Cyprus in dashed lines).
Figure 3. Liberal democracy scores compared to EU average and median. Note: V-Dem Liberal Democracy index (0–1).
Figure 4. Clusters across member state liberal democracy scores. Note: V-Dem Liberal Democracy index (0–1).
Figure 5. Decline and improvement of democracy across EU member states. Note: V-Dem Liberal Democracy index; for weighted mean (2019–21), see footnote 9.
Figure 6. Exceeding/falling short of minimum scores for V-Dem liberal democracy (2021). Note: Liberal: V-Dem Liberal component index (0–1, minimum score 0.8); Transparent laws with predictable enforcement, Access to Justice (0–4, minimum score 3); see footnote 11
Figure 7. Annual Infringements in the JFRC issue area by member state (as share of EU mean). Note: own calculations from the infringement database of the European Commission’s Secretariat General. Infringements include Reasoned Opinions and Referrals to the CJEU.
Figure 8. Different intra-EU divides on the quality of democracy. Note: For the definition of group membership, see the discussions for above.
Figure 9. Intra-EU divides on support for EU Rule of Law interventions.
Figure 10. Narrow, intermediate, and broad conceptions of EU democracy divides.
Table 1. Snapshot of sub-groups of EU member states with regard to democracy.