Contribution of tourism development to protected area management: local stakeholder perspectives

Figures & data

Figure 1. Location of Wolong Nature Reserve, southwest China. Source: Xu et al. 2004.

Table 1. Demographic data and characteristics of the sample

Characteristics	Groups	Temporary operator		Permanent operator
		Number	Percentage	Number	Percentage
Nationality	Tibetan	36	76.6	10	37
	Han	9	19.1	17	63
	Chang	2	4.2	0	0
Gender	male	16	34	14	51.9
	female	31	66	13	48.1
Age (years)	15∼30	12	25.5	10	37
	30∼50	25	53.2	16	59.3
	50∼80	10	21.3	1	3.7
Education level	Illiterate	19	40.4	0	0
	Elementary	12	25.5	6	22.2
	Junior high school	10	21.3	13	48.1
	Senior high school	6	12.8	7	25.9
	College	0	0	1	3.7

Table 2. Geographical origin of private tourism operators

	Wolong Town (%)	Gengda Town (%)	Outside protected area (%)
Temporary operator	75.6	6.7	17.8
Permanent operator	22.2	37.0	40.7

Table 3. Number and wage of employees employed by different operators

Operator origin	Number of employees	Lowest wage (Yuan/month)	Highest wage (Yuan/month)	Averagewage (Yuan/month)
Wolong Town	2.00	200	500	300
Gengda Town	1.50	300	300	300
Outside protected area	2.63	300	600	357

Table 4. Wages of employee of different geographic origin

Geographic origin	Lowest wage (Yuan/month)	Highest wage (Yuan/month)	Average wage (Yuan/month)
Local employee	200	600	320
Non-local employee	200	1100	617

Table 5. Reasons for unequal income distribution

Questions	Answers (%)	Reasons (%)
(1) Is tourism income distributed equally among local residents?	Yes (20.5)
	No (79.5)	Location restriction (75.0)
		Startup capital restriction (47.2)
		Skills restriction (33.3)
		Age and gender restriction (8.3)
		Other (0)
(2) Is tourism income distributed equally between local and non-local operators?	Yes (23.3)
	No (76.7)	Startup capital restriction (60.5)
		Skills restriction (44.7)
		Age and gender restriction (5.3)
		Other (21.1)

Table 6. Occupation distribution of private tourism operators

	Occupation	Number	Local (%)	Non-local (%)	Average income per year (Yuan)
Temporary operator	Souvenir sale	34	28 (82.4)	6 (17.6)	3567
	Taxi driver	4	4 (100)	0	4833
	Temporary stall-keeper	3	2 (66.7)	1 (33.3)	1833
	Barbecue	5	5 (100)	0	1800
Permanent operator	Restaurant and hotel operator	27	16 (59.2)	11 (40.7)	13900

Table 7. Occupation prospects for local resident in the future

Occupation option	Tour guide	Kitchen worker	Craftsman	Cleaner	Shop keeping	House rental	Family-hotel operation	Taxi driver	Other
(%)	23.3	10.0	6.7	33.3	33.3	3.0	10.0	16.7	6.7