Natural resource use, income and dependence among San and Mier communities bordering Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park, southern Kalahari, South Africa

Abstract

Contemporary strategies for natural resource management espouse the need to integrate local people and their livelihood needs into biodiversity conservation projects to achieve sustainable ‘development and ecological integrity’. Valuation of natural resource use provides empirical evidence and conceptual arguments of local people's dependence on these resources, which could be factored into biodiversity conservation planning. Based on household surveys and key informant interviews, this study looked at the contribution of dryland natural resources to the livelihoods of two culturally different but neighbouring communities, the San and Mier, bordering Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park, South Africa. Overall, natural resources represented an important livelihood source for the San, contributing on an average 32% of total annual income, compared to 9% for the Mier. Fuelwood was the predominant contributor to natural resource incomes in both cases. Income quintile analysis showed that dependence on natural resources decreased moving to higher income groups for Mier households, but increased with income for San households. Well-off households still derived higher total income from natural resources; often from the more lucrative sources of such income, notably from fuelwood sales. Contextual factors such as culture and social institutions, among others, influenced access to, and consequently the use of, particular resources and the value of these to households. Sustainable natural resource management interventions should consider these disparities in patterns of natural resource dependence among different income groups.

Keywords:

• natural resource income
• dependence
• livelihoods
• culture
• institutions
• Kalahari
• San
• Mier

Acknowledgements

The International Foundation for Science (IFS), Sweden, and the National Research Foundation (NRF), South Africa, are acknowledged for a research grant and research incentive funding, respectively. The Norwegian Research Council is acknowledged for funding a fellowship through the Yggdrasil programme at the Norwegian University of Life Sciences, where this paper was commenced. A Rhodes Post-doctoral fellowship at Rhodes University has provided the first author with time to finish up this paper. We thank two anonymous reviewers and Charlie Shackleton for their invaluable comments. All opinions in this paper are the authors' own.