Leakage effects in natural resource supply chains: a case study from the Peruvian commercial charcoal market

Figures & data

Figure 1. Study areas around Pucallpa situated in the Peruvian Amazon basin Ucayali, Peru.

Figure 2. (a) Rural earth mound kiln. (b) Rural sawdust covered artisanal kiln. Sawdust is derived from nearby sawmills or transported down rivers from the city. (c) Urban kiln in construction. (d) Urban kiln in carbonisation.

Figure 3. Charcoal production process in Pucallpa city.

Figure 4. Relationship between sizes and weight of pieces of wood measured.

Figure 5. Relationship between kiln size and charcoal output.

Table 1. Estimated annual output of charcoal in Pucallpa city according to interviews as well as wood piece, transportation van and kiln measurements made during the study

	Species
Characteristics	Mix	Shihuahuaco
Average sample size (m^3)	0.00925	0.00689
Average sample weight (kg)	5	7.54
Wood density (kg/m^3)	567.9	1093.4
Average kiln wood volume (m^3)	43.55	33.7
Average kiln weight (kg)	24,732	36,848
Average kiln charcoal yield (kg)	4,540	5,700
Yield (kg/m^3)	104.2	169.1
Wood to charcoal conversion rate (kg)	5.44	6.46
Mean sack weight (kg)	71	102.4
Yield (sacks/m^3)	1.46	1.65
Van density (kg/m^3)	365.4	604.3
Implied air component	36%	45%
Air adjusted conversion rate	3.5	3.6
Note: Total p/a estimate 30,727,801 kg.

Figure 6. Relationship between preferred woods and woods used amongst urban Pucallpa charcoal makers according to integer values derived from preference ranking activities.

Table 2. Perceptions of decline in the availability of shihuahuaco for charcoal production amongst urban carboneros in Pucallpa, Ucayali and the perceived causes of this decline (n = 41)

Perceived decline		Perceived reason for decline
Increase	0%	Competition	5%
No change	0%	Exhausted natural resources	82%
Slight decline	3%	Other	5%
Significant decline	67%	Does not know	13%
Not in business long enough	31%	−