Unravelling the interrelationships between ecosystem services and human wellbeing in the Bangladesh delta

Figures & data

Figure 1. South-west coastal region of Bangladesh.

Figure 2. Trends of ecosystem services and of ecosystem service indicators in Bangladesh delta.

Figure 3. Trends of GDP (a) and GDP shared by different sectors (b) in Bangladesh delta.

Table 1. Target and current status of MDGs in regional (south-west Bangladesh delta) and national scale of Bangladesh.

Indicators	Regional – 2010	National – 2010	MDGs target by 2015
Proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel (%)
Average (all occupations)	35
Agriculture	46	31.7	50
Fishery	30
Improved sanitation (%)
Average (all occupations)	78
Agriculture	74	51	100
Fishery	74
Access to safe drinking water (%)
Average (all occupations)	90
Agriculture	88	95	100
Fishery	90
Electricity connection (%)
Average (all occupations)	50
Agriculture	34	55	100
Fishery	41
Primary education attainment (%)
Average (all occupations)	42
Agriculture	45	48	100
Fishery	45

Figure 4. Linear and nonlinear relationships between provisioning (rice and shrimp production) and regulating services. The central line represents estimated mean (spline), whereas the other two lines represent 95% (top lower and top higher) and 80% (middle two lines) credible interval, respectively.

Figure 5. Linear and nonlinear relationships between provisioning (fish and forestry production) and regulating services. The central line represents estimated mean (spline), whereas the other two lines represent 95% (top lower and top higher) and 80% (middle two lines) credible interval, respectively.

Figure 6. Linear and nonlinear relationships among the variables of regulating services. The central line represents estimated mean (spline), whereas the other two lines represent 95% (top lower and top higher) and 80% (middle two lines) credible interval, respectively.

Table 2. Logistics regression results of cross sectional data (HIES 2010) for analysing the relationship between quality of life (e.g. ‘electricity’, ‘safe drinking water’) and production at household level.

Human wellbeing	Occupation	Odd ratio (OR)	p value (level of significance)	95% confidence interval (CI)
Birth attended by skilled health staff	Agriculture	1.22	0.04	1.00–1.47
Electricity connection	Agriculture	1.39	0.04	1.11–1.74
Improved sanitation	Agriculture	1	0.64	0.74–1.20
Access to safe drinking water	Agriculture	1	0.09	0.4–1.06
Primary education attainment	Agriculture	1.17	0	1.07–1.27

In case of production at household level, production of crops (N = 437) at household level has used as the proxy of provisioning service. Here, the quality of life indicators are binary variables.

Table 3. Logistics regression results of cross sectional data (HIES 2010) for analysing the relationship between quality of life (e.g. ‘electricity’, ‘safe drinking water’) and fish catch at household level.

Human wellbeing	Occupation	Odd ratio (OR)	p value (level of significance)	95% confidence interval (CI)
Birth attended by skilled health staff	Fishery	1	0.57	0.75–1.17
Electricity connection	Fishery	1.1	0.21	0.94–1.29
Improved sanitation	Fishery	1.12	0.19	0.94–1.33
Access to safe drinking water	Fishery	1.08	0.21	0.94–1.29
Primary education attainment	Fishery	1	0.16	0.74–1.10

In case of fish catch at household level, fish catch (N = 347) at household level has used as the proxy of provisioning service. Here, the quality of life indicators are binary variables.

Figure 7. Connectivity between regulating and provisioning services since 1978. Curve of PCA axis 1 and 2 combined data both for the provisioning services (different varieties of crops) and seasonal regulating services, such as water discharges, temperature, and rainfall and water salinity since 1967. Moreover, black line represents the connectivity between regulating and provisioning services using 10-year moving window and line in dot shows the connectivity between regulating and provisioning services using 20-year moving window.

Figure 8. Hypothesized system dynamic framework for the social–ecological system in south-west coastal Bangladesh.