Multi-stakeholder participation for sustainable delta management: a challenge of the socio-technical transformation in the management practices in Bangladesh

Figures & data

Figure 1. Changes in water management approaches in the South-west delta in Bangladesh.

Figure 2. Triangular management system approach: Transformation pathways in the Socio-eco-technical system in a dynamic delta.

Table 1. Time scale for analysing delta system transformation in KJDRP area.

Time Scale	Management practice
Before TRM (Up to 1996)	Following objective of CEP: construction of polders, permanent embankments, regulators and sluices, and drainage; excavation and dredging.
	KJDRP started
During TRM (1997–2013)	Bhaina TRM (1997–2001)
	Kedaria TRM (2002–2005)
	Khuksia TRM (2006–2013)
	Kapalia TRM (postponed)
After TRM (2014 – now)	No TRM again

Source: (CEGIS 2003; IWM 2007; Nowreen et al. 2014; Roy et al. 2017; Mutahara et al. 2017).

Figure 3. Tidal volume before, during, and after TRM in Hari River (at Ranai point)(IWM 2007; 2014).

Table 2. Land cover changes in KJDRP area.

	Area in Hectares (Ha)
Land Use	Before TRM (1996–1997)	During TRM (2001–2002)	Just after TRM (2012–13)
Open water	26,156	8,558	2,556
Agriculture – land (Production area)	47,282	68,187	71,543
Settlement	27,162	30,464	33,111

Source: (CEGIS 2003; Center for Environmental and Geographic Information Services (CEGIS) 2014); Field survey 2015.

Figure 4. Changing pattern of production system in the study area (Field survey, 2013–2015).

Figure 5. Livelihood system changes in Hari river catchment area in KJDRP (Field survey, 2013–2016).

Figure 6. Trend of average household income in the study area (base year 1995–96) (Field survey, 2013–2016).

Figure 7. Acceptance of TRM projects in local Community (Field data, 2012–2013).

Table 3. Compensation activities due to TRM in KJDRP area.

	Compensation scenarios
TRM practice	Running TRM (Years)	Proposed compensation (for Years)	Received compensation (% of Land owner)
Beel Bhaina	>4 (1997–2001)	N/A	N/A
Beel Kedaria	3 (2002–2005)	N/A	N/A
Beel Khuksia	>6 (2007–2013)	2 (2008–09)	30-40
Beel Kapalia	Postponed	4 (2012–15)	More than 50 (for first year)

Source: Field survey 2015, 2016.

Figure 8. Severity of conflicts in terms of socio-economic straggle of local communities (Field survey, 2013–2016).

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