The key factors contributing to the persistence of homelessness

Figures & data

Table 1. Graphic Summary.

Region	Group	Subgroup	Causes of Homelessness	Reference
United States	Adults	Women veterans	Childhood adversity, substance abuse, post-military abuse, mental health issues, unemployment	Hamilton et al. 2011
United States	Adults	Mother	Mental health issues	Hodge et al. 2012
United States, Canada, and Australia	Adults	Female	Substance abuse, mental health issues	Finfgeld-Connett et al. 2012
United States	Adults	Youth (before age 25)	Multiple runaway episodes, nontraditional family structure, lower educational attainment, and parental work limitations	Brakenhoff et al. 2015
United States, Canada, and Australia	Adults	Veteran	Substance abuse, mental health issues, low income	Tsai and Rosenheck 2015
Developed and Developing Countries	Child and Youth		Poverty, abuse, family conflict, delinquency, psychosocial health issues	Embleton et al. 2016
United States	Adults	Elder	Race, increased age, lower educational attainment, veteran status	Fusaro et al. 2018
United States	Adults	Youth	Unmarried parents, race, LGBT, low education level	Morton et al. 2018
World	Adults	Female	Adverse experiences, domestic violence, mental and physical health issues	Phipps et al. 2019
High-income countries	Adults		Drug use, criminal behaviour, mental health issues	Nilsson et al. 2019
World	Adults	LGBT	Poverty, ethnicity and racism, substance abuse, mental health issues	Fraser et al. 2019
New York City	Adults	Emergency department patients	Drug use, alcohol use	Yoo et al. 2022

Hamilton AB, Poza I, Washington DL. 2011. “Homelessness and trauma go hand-in-hand”: pathways to homelessness among women veterans. Women Health Iss. 21(4):S203–S209. doi:10.1016/j.whi.2011.04.005.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Hodge DR, Moser SE, Shafer MS. 2012. Spirituality and mental health among homeless mothers. Soc Work Res. 36(4):245–255. doi:10.1093/swr/svs034.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Finfgeld-Connett D, Bloom TL, Johnson ED. 2012. Perceived competency and resolution of homelessness among women with substance abuse problems. Qual Health Res. 22(3):416–427. doi:10.1177/1049732311421493.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Brakenhoff B, Jang B, Slesnick N, Snyder A. 2015. Longitudinal predictors of homelessness: findings from the national longitudinal survey of youth-97. J Youth Stud. 18(8):1015–1034. doi:10.1080/13676261.2015.1020930.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Tsai J, Rosenheck RA. 2015. Risk factors for homelessness among US veterans. Epidemiol Rev. 37(1):177–195. doi:10.1093/epirev/mxu004.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Embleton L, Lee H, Gunn J, Ayuku D, Braitstein P. 2016. Causes of child and youth homelessness in developed and developing countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatr. 170(5):435–444. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2016.0156.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Fusaro VA, Levy HG, Shaefer HL. 2018. Racial and ethnic disparities in the lifetime prevalence of homelessness in the United States. Demography. 55(6):2119–2128. doi:10.1007/s13524-018-0717-0.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Morton MH, Dworsky A, Matjasko JL, Curry SR, Schlueter D, Chávez R, Farrell AF. 2018. Prevalence and correlates of youth homelessness in the United States. J Adolescent Health. 62(1):14–21. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017.10.006.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Phipps M, Dalton L, Maxwell H, Cleary M. 2019. Women and homelessness, a complex multidimensional issue: findings from a scoping review. J Soc Distress Homel. 28(1):1–13. doi:10.1080/10530789.2018.1534427.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Nilsson SF, Nordentoft M, Hjorthøj C. 2019. Individual-level predictors for becoming homeless and exiting homelessness: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Urban Health. 96(5):741–750. doi:10.1007/s11524-019-00377-x.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Fraser B, Pierse N, Chisholm E, Cook H. 2019. LGBTIQ+ homelessness: a review of the literature. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 16(15):2677. doi:10.3390/ijerph16152677.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Yoo R, Krawczyk N, Johns E, McCormack RP, Rotrosen J, Mijanovich T, Gelberg L, Doran KM. 2022. Association of substance use characteristics and future homelessness among emergency department patients with drug use or unhealthy alcohol use: results from a linked data longitudinal cohort analysis. Subst Abus. 43(1):1100–1109. doi:10.1080/08897077.2022.2060445.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar