Framing effect of environmental cost information on environmental awareness among high school students

Figures & data

Table 1. Classification of environmental values (adapted from Hargrove 1992).

Anthropocentric Value	Anthropocentric instrumental value
	Anthropocentric intrinsic value
Nonanthropocentric Value	Nonanthropocentric instrumental value
	Nonanthropocentric intrinsic value

Table 2. Classification of economic values (adapted from Turner 1999).

Use value	Direct use value (e.g. water, food)
	Indirect use value (e.g. sunset, waterfall)
	Options value
Non-use value	Bequest value (e.g. natural heritage)
	Existence value

Figure 1. Experimental design.

Table 3. Four hypotheses for research question 1.

Number	Hypothesis
H1	Perceived certainty is higher in the economic frame group than in the environmental frame group.
H2	Perceived tangibility is higher in the economic frame group than in the environmental frame group.
H3	Perceived danger is higher in the economic frame group than in the environmental frame group.
H4	Perceived significance is higher in the economic frame group than in the environmental frame group.

Table 4. Three hypotheses for research question 2.

Number	Hypothesis
H5	Willingness to participate is higher in the economic frame group than in the environmental frame group.
H6	Perceived decision difficulty is higher in the economic frame group than in the environmental frame group.
H7	Perceived decision confidence is higher in the economic frame group is higher than in the environmental frame group.

Figure 2. Example of reading materia. Source: Pixabay and Flaticon.

Table 5. Dependent variables and questionnaires.

Questions	Variables	Questionnaires ^1)
Research Question 1	Perceived certainty	Q1: When the damage occurs, how certain do you think the damage is?
	Perceived tangibility	Q2: To what extent do you think the damage will affect you?
	Perceived danger	Q3: How serious do you think the damage is?
	Perceived significance	Q4: How important do you think it is to try to prevent climate change?
Research Question 2	Willingness to participate	Q5: Will you donate 10,000 won to prevent damage caused by climate change?
	Perceived decision difficulty	Q6: How difficult was it to decide whether to donate 10,000 won?
	Perceived decision confidence	Q7: How confident are you in your decision about donating 10,000 won?

1) The questions were displayed on a 6-point scale.

Table 6. The results of the t-test for research question 1.

Variable	Frame	Levene’s test	Mean	N	S.D.	Degree of freedom	t-value	p-values ^1)
Certainty	Environmental	F=.024 p=.877	4.71	79	.850	191	−2.423	.008**
	Economic		5.01	114	.822
Tangibility	Environmental	F=.223 p=.637	4.30	79	1.106	191	−1.214	.113
	Economic		4.51	114	1.158
Danger	Environmental	F=.287 p=.593	4.84	79	.955	191	−1.953	.026*
	Economic		5.11	114	.885
Significance	Environmental	F=.182 p=.670	5.22	79	.859	191	−1.751	.041*
	Economic		5.43	114	.822

* p < 0.05,

** p < 0.01, one-tailed test

1) p-value based on the degree of freedom and t-value (Soper 2017)

Table 7. The results of the t-test for research question 2.

Variable	Frame	Levene’s test	Mean	N	S.D.	Degrees of freedom	t-value	p- value ^1)
Willingness to participate	Environmental	F = 9.218 p=.003	4.58	79	1.116	189.954	1.741	.958 ^2) .042 ^3) *
	Economic		4.25	114	1.498
Decision difficulty	Environmental	F=.566 p=.453	2.81	79	1.511	191	1.042	.149
	Economic		2.59	114	1.419
Decision confidence	Environmental	F=.000 p=.100	4.27	79	1.318	191	−1.123	.131
	Economic		4.48	114	1.319

* p < 0.05, one-tailed t-test: decision difficulty (right), others (left)

1) p-value based on the degrees of freedom and t-value (Soper 2017)

2) Left side

3) Right side

Hargrove, E. C. 1992. “Weak Anthropocentric Intrinsic Value.” The Monist 75 (2): 183–207.

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Turner, R. K. 1999. “The Place of Economic Values in Environmental Valuation.” In Valuing Environmental Preferences: Theory and Practice of the Contingent Valuation Method in the US, EU, and Developing Countries, edited by I. J. Bateman and K. G. Willis, 17–41. Oxford: Oxford University Press on Demand.

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Soper, D. S. 2017. “p-Value Calculator for a Student t-Test [Software].” http://www.danielsoper.com/statcalc

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