Abstract
This article investigates the effect of corruption on trade openness in low-income and high-income countries. The results suggest corruption is anti-labour, since it reduces trade in low-income countries and increases trade in high-income countries.
Notes
1 English, French and Spanish used as language dummies. Geography dummies were a landlocked dummy, island country dummy, and coast-land ratio. Remoteness, population, French and Spanish language, landlocked and island country dummies generally turned out to be negatively correlated with openness. Coast-land ratio while positive mostly remained not significant. English language dummy remained positive and significant.
2 These are not reported here for parsimony and are available on request.