Estimating the extent of deceitful behaviour using crosswise elicitation models

Figures & data

Table 1. Summary of techniques and estimation results.

	Returning undeserved money	Plagiarism	Dodging public utility fee
Level
Item-sum (RR)	34.2*	12.4	40.9*
	(17.2)	(17.7)	(17.3)
Item-sum (DQ)	35.4***	29.9***	70.8***
	(4.0)	(3.8)	(3.8)
Crosswise model		58.3***	60.4***
		(8.3)	(12.5)
Crosswise model (DQ)		24.3***	30.8***
		(3.6)	(3.9)
Difference
Item-sum (RR) – Item-sum (DQ)	−1.2	−17.5	−29.9
	(17.6)	(18.1)	(17.7)
Crosswise – Crosswise (DQ)		34.0***	29.6*
		(9.0)	(13.1)
Crosswise – Item-sum (RR)		45.9*	19.5
		(19.5)	(21.3)

N = 144, standard errors in parentheses. DQ: direct question; RR: randomized response

* p < .05, ** p < .01, *** p < .001