Agglomeration economies in urban retailing: are there productivity spillovers when big-box retailers enter urban markets?

Figures & data

Table 1. Homogeneity test.

	${\chi }^2$ statistic	$F$ statistic
capital	6.473 (0.039)	2.422 (0.089)
labour	5.662 (0.059)	2.118 (0.121)

Note: ${\mathrm{H}}_0$: Linear model ($\gamma =0$) versus ${\mathrm{H}}_1$: PSTR model with at least one.

Threshold ($\gamma =1$). p-values in parenthesis.

Table 2. DiD regression results.

	OLS			FE
	Small firms (capital $\le$ 4.3)	Large firms (capital $>$ 4.3)	All firms	Small firms (capital $\le$ 4.3)	Large firms (capital $>$ 4.3)	All firms
labour	1.464***	1.298***	1.348***	0.588***	0.581***	0.692***
capital	0.094***	0.054***	0.014***	0.032***	0.021***	0.031***
$TP\cdot TR$	0.094*	−0.041	0.03	0.088*	−0.041	0.039

Note: ***Significant at the 1% level, *significant at the 10% level.