An unexpected external shock and enterprises’ innovation performance

Figures & data

Table 1. Multilevel mixed-effects random intercept ordinal logistic regression

	Model 1	Model 2
Product innovations in 2012	Yes	No
FIXED EFFECTS
Regional level
Reg. oil dep. (ROP)	.035 (.026)	.033 (.011)**
ROP^2	−.005 (.002)^a
Reg. pop. dens.	5.85e-5 (1.57e-4)	2.17e-4 (1.16e-4)
Enterprise level
Size in employees	−5.95e-5 (3.64e-4)	−1.06e-4 (2.35e-4)
Size in revenues (SR)	4.81e-8 (8.49e-8)	9.41e-8 (2.95e-8)**
Productivity	8.87e-6 (1.80e-5)	−4.83e-5 (1.50e-5)**
R&D-intensity (R&D)	9.41e-4 (3.29e-4)**	.005 (.001)***
R&D^2		−2.65e-6 (5.78e-7)***
Reg. innov. coll.	.295 (.223)	.454 (.242)
Nat. innov. coll.	.114 (.249)	−.273 (.286)
Int. innov. coll.	.307 (.258)	.143 (.295)
National mrkt.	.187 (.198)	.417 (.137)**
European mrkt.	.629 (.275)*	.596 (.248)*
Int. mrkt.	.779 (.273)**	.716 (.230)**
RANDOM EFFECTS
Nested industry effect	6.99e-34 (1.59e-17)	5.13e-37 (8.52e-20)
Region effect	1.23e-38 (6.41e-21)	4.07e-33 (2.20e-17)
Wald χ^2	46.9***	123.6***
Log likelihood	−642.7	−1151.2
Likelihood ratio (LR) χ^2	.00 n.s.	.00 n.s.
Number of enterprises/regions	549/45	1731/51
Numb. of industr. nested in regions	288	742
VIF concerning reg. oil dep./ROP^2	3.67/3.31	1.19/n.a.

^ap = .059, * p < .05, ** p < .01, *** p < .001, conservative two-tailed tests. Standard error in parentheses. Intercepts omitted.