Do comprehensive and diverse childcare services affect women’s labour supply and well-being?

Figures & data

Table 1. Descriptive statistics

	2004–06		2007–09		2010–12
	Treatment	Control	Treatment	Control	Treatment	Control
Emp Dummy	0.342	0.470	0.448	0.551	0.558	0.549
	(0.475)	(0.499)	(0.499)	(0.498)	(0.499)	(0.498)
Regular Emp Dummy	0.104	0.162	0.078	0.176	0.158	0.204
	(0.306)	(0.369)	(0.269)	(0.381)	(0.367)	(0.403)
Nonregular Emp Dummy	0.223	0.293	0.364	0.360	0.400	0.335
	(0.417)	(0.455)	(0.483)	(0.480)	(0.492)	(0.472)
Weekly Working Hours	7.831	12.972	9.787	14.833	13.744	14.444
	(14.680)	(17.790)	(14.520)	(17.710)	(16.530)	(17.340)
Subjective Good Health	0.684	0.629	0.691	0.610	0.628	0.559
	(0.466)	(0.483)	(0.464)	(0.488)	(0.486)	(0.497)
Age	32.840	32.869	34.000	33.986	35.211	34.688
	(4.331)	(4.215)	(3.882)	(3.807)	(3.185)	(3.337)
University Dummy	0.149	0.128	0.156	0.140	0.168	0.140
	(0.356)	(0.335)	(0.364)	(0.347)	(0.376)	(0.348)
Junior-College Dummy	0.309	0.286	0.338	0.254	0.368	0.265
	(0.463)	(0.452)	(0.474)	(0.436)	(0.485)	(0.442)
Parents Living Together Dummy	0.199	0.234	0.151	0.209	0.105	0.168
	(0.400)	(0.424)	(0.360)	(0.407)	(0.309)	(0.374)
Observations	3842

Note: Numbers in parentheses are standard deviations. The top 1% of weekly working hours are excluded as outliers.

Table 2. Effects of childcare services on each employment rate

Employment						Regular Employment
	Level		Diff	Diff-in-Diff			Level		Diff	Diff-in-Diff
	Treatment	Control		(from 2004–06)			Treatment	Control		(from 2004–06)
	(a)	(b)	(a) – (b)	Nonmatching	Matching		(a)	(b)	(a) – (b)	Nonmatching	Matching
2004–06	0.342	0.470	−0.128***			2004–06	0.104	0.162	−0.0579***
	(0.475)	(0.499)	(0.0314)				(0.306)	(0.369)	(0.0207)
2007–09	0.448	0.551	−0.103**	0.0247	0.0217	2007–09	0.078	0.176	−0.0978***	−0.0399	−0.0283
	(0.499)	(0.498)	(0.0431)	(0.0533)	(0.0566)		(0.269)	(0.381)	(0.0247)	(0.0323)	(0.0338)
2010–12	0.558	0.549	0.00888	0.137**	0.125	2010–12	0.158	0.204	−0.0457	0.0122	−0.0289
	(0.499)	(0.498)	(0.0546)	(0.0630)	(0.0863)		(0.367)	(0.403)	(0.0406)	(0.0456)	(0.0561)
Nonregular Employment
	Level		Diff	Diff-in-Diff
	Treatment	Control		(from 2004–06)
	(a)	(b)	(a) – (b)	Nonmatching	Matching
2004–06	0.223	0.293	−0.0696**
	(0.417)	(0.455)	(0.0278)
2007–09	0.364	0.360	0.00316	0.0727	0.0524
	(0.483)	(0.480)	(0.0416)	(0.0500)	(0.0547)
2010–12	0.400	0.335	0.0652	0.135**	0.157**
	(0.492)	(0.472)	(0.0536)	(0.0603)	(0.0716)

Note: Numbers in parentheses are standard deviations in ‘Level’ and robust standard errors in ‘Diff’ and ‘Diff-in-Diff.’

Statistical significance: ***p< 0.01, **p< 0.05, *p< 0.1.

Table 3. Effects of childcare services on working hours

Weekly Working Hours (N = Employee)						Weekly Working Hours (N = Regular Employee)
	Level		Diff	Diff-in-Diff			Level		Diff	Diff-in-Diff
	Treatment	Control		(from 2004–06)			Treatment	Control		(from 2004–06)
	(a)	(b)	(a) – (b)	Nonmatching	Matching		(a)	(b)	(a) – (b)	Nonmatching	Matching
2004–06	24.963	29.108	−4.145**			2004–06	39.235	44.441	−5.206**
	-(16.120)	-(15.490)	(1.887)				-(8.482)	-(7.963)	(2.078)
2007–09	23.158	28.424	−5.267***	−1.121	−3.677	2007–09	44.571	43.754	0.817	6.023**	6.872**
	-(13.790)	-(14.650)	(1.931)	(2.700)	(3.281)		-(3.910)	-(8.925)	(1.593)	(2.618)	(3.286)
2010–12	25.771	28.238	−2.467	1.678	0.0110	2010–12	45.545	41.656	3.889	9.095***	12.24***
	-(14.170)	-(14.080)	(2.182)	(2.883)	(4.255)		-(8.165)	-(6.576)	(2.464)	(3.218)	(3.532)
Weekly Working Hours (N = Nonregular Employee)
	Level		Diff	Diff-in-Diff
	Treatment	Control		(from 2004–06)
	(a)	(b)	(a) – (b)	Nonmatching	Matching
2004–06	21.458	22.526	−1.068
	-(15.840)	-(12.900)	(2.135)
2007–09	20.306	22.837	−2.531	−1.463	−3.830
	-(11.940)	-(12.100)	(1.812)	(2.801)	(3.052)
2010–12	19.892	21.823	−1.931	−0.863	−0.287
	-(9.419)	-(11.910)	(1.742)	(2.755)	(3.238)

Note: Numbers in parentheses are standard deviations in ‘Level’ and robust standard errors in ‘Diff’ and ‘Diff-in Diff.’

Statistical significance: ***p < 0.01, **p < 0.05, *p < 0.1.

Table 4. Effects of childcare services on subjective health condition

Subjective Good Health (N = Employee)						Subjective Good Health (N = Regular Employee)
	Level		Diff	Diff-in-Diff			Level		Diff	Diff-in-Diff
	Treatment	Control		(from 2004–06)			Treatment	Control		(from 2004–06)
	(a)	(b)	(a) – (b)	Nonmatching	Matching		(a)	(b)	(a) – (b)	Nonmatching	Matching
2004–06	0.663	0.641	0.0218			2004–06	0.786	0.620	0.165**
	-(0.475)	-(0.480)	(0.0523)				-(0.418)	-(0.486)	(0.0833)
2007–09	0.696	0.616	0.0797	0.0580	0.0794	2007–09	0.750	0.614	0.136	−0.0290	−0.108
	-(0.464)	-(0.487)	(0.0592)	(0.0790)	(0.0934)		-(0.452)	-(0.488)	(0.131)	(0.155)	(0.162)
2010–12	0.635	0.575	0.0600	0.0383	0.0864	2010–12	0.400	0.593	−0.193	−0.358**	−0.280
	-(0.486)	-(0.495)	(0.0718)	(0.0888)	(0.112)		-(0.507)	-(0.493)	(0.134)	(0.158)	(0.225)
Subjective Good Health (N = Nonregular Employee)
	Level		Diff	Diff-in-Diff
	Treatment	Control		(from 2004–06)
	(a)	(b)	(a) – (b)	Nonmatching	Matching
2004–06	0.600	0.657	−0.0570
	-(0.494)	-(0.475)	(0.0669)
2007–09	0.679	0.615	0.0636	0.121	0.0746
	-(0.471)	-(0.487)	(0.0676)	(0.0952)	(0.117)
2010–12	0.730	0.564	0.166**	0.223**	0.352***
	-(0.450)	-(0.497)	(0.0806)	(0.105)	(0.120)

Note: Numbers in parentheses are standard deviations in ‘Level’ and robust standard errors in ‘Diff’ and ‘Diff-in Diff.’

Statistical significance: ***p< 0.01, **p< 0.05,*p< 0.1.