China’s IPR regime and provincial patenting activity

Figures & data

Table 1. Descriptive statistics

Variable	Mean		Standard deviation		Range
	Std. Spec.	Log	Std. Spec.	Log	Std. Spec.	Log
PI	17 786.789	8.78	28 831.601	1.68	184,593	8.46
IPR	0.17	−2.13	0.16	0.96	0.82	6.70
RDP	67 065.43	10.21	92 221.13	1.71	451,866,00	10.08
Funds_adj	1 582 117.00	13.31	2 207 320.00	1.73	11 963 690.00	9.53
SO	19.81	2.86	10.91	0.49	49.01	2.58
NSO	6.46	1.77	2.33	0.47	9.89	2.44
MF	4.91	1.50	2.38	0.56	13.44	4.71
ML	4.83	1.46	2.57	0.65	14.35	4.10

Source: The authors

Table 2. Different specifications of modelling IPR

	(1) FE	(2) SDM FE	(3) SDM RE	(4) SDM FE	(5) SDM RE	(6) IV ipr_2lag	(7) IV ipr_2lag	(8) SARAR	(9) SARAR
lnRDP	–0.0888	–0.122	0.0131	–0.336***	–0.110	0.134	0.0589	0.296**	0.246**
	(–0.91)	(–1.42)	(0.14)	(–3.35)	(–0.95)	(0.79)	(0.41)	(2.33)	(2.15)
lnFund_adj	0.147	0.166*	0.346***	0.197**	0.435***	0.548***	0.508***	0.454***	0.366***
	(1.41)	(1.82)	(3.54)	(1.96)	(3.96)	(3.67)	(3.86)	(3.83)	(3.36)
lnSO	0.799***	0.950***	1.045***	1.150***	1.112***	0.636***	–0.134	0.733***	0.244**
	(4.34)	(5.75)	(6.72)	(5.50)	(5.25)	(4.25)	(–0.89)	(5.95)	(2.11)
lnNSOE	–0.00497	0.104	0.166	0.0150	0.175	–0.262**	–0.283***	–0.185**	–0.209***
	(–0.03)	(0.78)	(1.22)	(0.09)	(1.01)	(–2.49)	(–3.08)	(–2.35)	(–2.75)
ipr	0.371	0.594***	0.651***	0.469*	0.495	0.890**	2.078***	0.200	1.023***
	(1.46)	(2.60)	(2.68)	(1.76)	(1.63)	(2.42)	(5.73)	(0.76)	(3.94)
ipr1lag				0.301	0.353
				(1.03)	(1.04)
ipr2lag				0.310	0.350
				(1.15)	(1.13)
MF	0.0316	0.0267	0.0390*	0.0506**	0.0648***		0.130***		0.104***
	(1.40)	(1.35)	(1.91)	(2.49)	(2.99)		(4.46)		(4.37)
ML	0.0165	0.0161	0.0344**	0.0183	0.0393**		0.117***		0.103***
	(1.04)	(1.15)	(2.30)	(1.20)	(2.31)		(5.18)		(5.67)
2008.year	-							–	–
2009.year	0.0974	0.238***	0.122					–0.0732	0.132
	(1.25)	(2.79)	(1.42)					(–0.64)	(1.17)
2010.year	0.277***	0.568***	0.426***			-	-	0.129	0.508***
	(3.18)	(4.22)	(3.34)					(0.97)	(3.93)
2011.year	0.477***	0.990***	0.665***	0.563***	0.307***	0.114	0.119	0.198	0.565***
	(4.49)	(4.46)	(3.35)	(4.54)	(2.68)	(0.81)	(1.06)	(1.47)	(4.27)
2012.year	0.627***	1.338***	0.860***	1.001***	0.533***	0.217	0.0853	0.275**	0.524***
	(4.85)	(4.52)	(3.30)	(4.78)	(2.86)	(1.55)	(0.73)	(2.07)	(3.85)
2013.year	0.787***	1.572***	0.978***	1.344***	0.715***	0.358**	0.195	0.402***	0.612***
	(5.13)	(4.22)	(3.05)	(4.48)	(2.79)	(2.44)	(1.63)	(2.77)	(4.41)
2014.year	0.919***	1.749***	1.079***	1.590***	0.845***	0.471***	0.145	0.514***	0.594***
	(5.60)	(4.19)	(3.03)	(4.49)	(2.82)	(3.04)	(1.08)	(3.39)	(4.13)
2015.year	1.071***	1.926***	1.222***	1.814***	1.017***	0.624***	0.318**	0.686***	0.783***
	(6.24)	(4.12)	(3.09)	(4.39)	(2.93)	(3.99)	(2.22)	(4.55)	(5.26)
2016.year	1.214***	2.235***	1.457***	2.182***	1.280***	0.739***	0.520***	0.780***	0.941***
	(6.55)	(4.30)	(3.29)	(4.60)	(3.19)	(4.73)	(3.53)	(5.14)	(6.06)
_cons	4.538***		2.540		4.632**	–2.142***	0.613	–2.430***	–0.636
	(4.14)		(1.39)		(2.05)	(–5.39)	(1.28)	(–6.65)	(–1.53)
Spatial Rho one		5.546*** (3.89)	5.201*** (3.46)	4.843*** (3.40)	4.466*** (2.84)
Spatial Rho two		–0.612**	–0.443*	–0.949***	–0.667**
		(–2.39)	(–1.94)	(–3.09)	(–2.45)
Variance sigma2_e		0.0567*** (11.69)	0.0694*** (10.47)	0.0420*** (10.18)	0.0572***
					(8.74)
lgt_theta			–1.805***		–1.820***
			(–8.00)		(–7.59)
lambda_cons						0.250*** (2.86)	0.0420 (0.51)	0.00554 (0.11)	–0.00401 (-0.09)
N	279	279	279	217	217	217	217	279	279

Note: t statistics in parentheses^{. *} p < 0.1, ** p < 0.05, *** p < 0.01. Lambda_cons equals Spatial rho. Equations (1)(1) $Ln(P{I}_{i,t})={\beta }_0+{\beta }_{1}IP{R}_{i,t}+{\beta }_{2}Ln(S{O}_{i,t})+{\beta }_{3}Ln(Funds\mathrm{\_}ad{j}_{i,t})+{\beta }_{4}Ln(RD{P}_{i,t})+{\beta }_{5}Ln(NS{O}_{i,t})+{\beta }_{6}M{F}_{i,t}+{\beta }_{7}M{L}_{i,t}+T_{i,t}+{\epsilon }_{i,t}$(1) – (12) use logPI.

Figure 1. Strength of IPR regime.

Figure 2. Innovation patents (10,000’s).