Investigating survivorship bias: the case of the 1918 flu pandemic

Figures & data

Table 1. Summary statistics.

	Mean	SD	Min	Max
Girl	0.482	0.500	0	1
Multiples	0.031	0.172	0	1
Age	27.738	6.382	13	49
Parity	2.819	2.602	1	18
Married	0.734	0.442	0	1
Stillbirth	0.064	0.244	0	1
Weeks 3–13	0.036	0.138	0	1
Weeks 14–26	0.043	0.161	0	1
Weeks 27–40	0.044	0.159	0	1
Observations	7711

Table 2. Results.

	Full sample			Married only			Single only
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)	(9)
Weeks 3–13	0.048$\ast \ast \ast$			0.054$\ast \ast \ast$			0.033
	(0.017)			(0.020)			(0.034)
Weeks 14–26		0.042$\ast \ast \ast$			0.046$\ast \ast$			0.037
		(0.015)			(0.018)			(0.028)
Weeks 27–40			0.033$\ast \ast$			0.044$\ast \ast$			0.003
			(0.015)			(0.018)			(0.036)
Girl	–0.007	–0.007	–0.007	–0.004	–0.004	–0.004	–0.017$\ast$	–0.017$\ast$	–0.017
	(0.006)	(0.006)	(0.006)	(0.007)	(0.007)	(0.007)	(0.010)	(0.010)	(0.010)
Multiples	0.079$\ast \ast \ast$	0.079$\ast \ast \ast$	0.080$\ast \ast \ast$	0.074$\ast \ast \ast$	0.074$\ast \ast \ast$	0.074$\ast \ast \ast$	0.100$\ast \ast \ast$	0.099$\ast \ast \ast$	0.099$\ast \ast \ast$
	(0.010)	(0.010)	(0.010)	(0.013)	(0.013)	(0.013)	(0.020)	(0.020)	(0.020)
Age 20 to 24	0.056$\ast \ast \ast$	0.056$\ast \ast \ast$	0.056$\ast \ast \ast$	0.060	0.059	0.059	0.053$\ast \ast$	0.053$\ast \ast$	0.054$\ast \ast$
	(0.022)	(0.022)	(0.022)	(0.044)	(0.044)	(0.044)	(0.023)	(0.023)	(0.023)
Age 25 to 29	0.070$\ast \ast \ast$	0.069$\ast \ast \ast$	0.070$\ast \ast \ast$	0.080$\ast$	0.079$\ast$	0.080$\ast$	0.056$\ast \ast$	0.056$\ast \ast$	0.056$\ast \ast$
	(0.022)	(0.022)	(0.022)	(0.044)	(0.044)	(0.044)	(0.024)	(0.024)	(0.024)
Age 30 +	0.087$\ast \ast \ast$	0.087$\ast \ast \ast$	0.086$\ast \ast \ast$	0.097$\ast \ast$	0.096$\ast \ast$	0.097$\ast \ast$	0.075$\ast \ast \ast$	0.074$\ast \ast \ast$	0.075$\ast \ast \ast$
	(0.022)	(0.022)	(0.022)	(0.044)	(0.044)	(0.044)	(0.025)	(0.025)	(0.025)
Parity 2 and 3	–0.015$\ast \ast$	–0.015$\ast \ast$	–0.015$\ast \ast$	–0.026$\ast \ast \ast$	–0.025$\ast \ast \ast$	–0.026$\ast \ast \ast$	0.013	0.014	0.013
	(0.007)	(0.007)	(0.007)	(0.009)	(0.009)	(0.009)	(0.012)	(0.012)	(0.012)
Parity 4 and 5	0.009	0.009	0.009	0.003	0.003	0.003	0.033	0.034	0.034
	(0.009)	(0.009)	(0.009)	(0.011)	(0.011)	(0.011)	(0.024)	(0.024)	(0.024)
Parity 6 +	0.030$\ast \ast \ast$	0.030$\ast \ast \ast$	0.030$\ast \ast \ast$	0.028$\ast \ast \ast$	0.028$\ast \ast \ast$	0.028$\ast \ast \ast$	0.013	0.014	0.012
	(0.009)	(0.009)	(0.009)	(0.010)	(0.010)	(0.010)	(0.031)	(0.030)	(0.031)
Neighbourhood	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Month of year	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Observations	7711	7711	7711	5613	5613	5613	1984	1984	1984