Online video sharing and revenues during the pandemic. Evidence from musical stream data

Figures & data

Table 1. Descriptive statistics.

Variables	Frequency	%
	[1]	[2]
TikTok app use
Yes	113	37.67
No	187	62.33
Gender
Males	253	84.33
Females	47	15.67
Europeans
Yes	224	74.67
No	176	25.33
New Entries
Yes	70	23.33
No	230	76.67

Notes: Authors’ calculations.

Table 2. Spotify steams by subgroups.

		Year 2019		Year 2020		% Change
	N	Mean	Median	Mean	Median	Mean
Male artists
TikTok = No	158	186,606	32,013	200,446	37,223	7.4%
TikTok = Yes	95	906,061	257,621	1,085,998	359,528	19.8%
All Male artists	253	459,346	57,537	535,029	74,762	16.4%
European artists
TikTok = No	142	192,935	31,150	198,344	131,944	2.8%
TikTok = Yes	82	690,142	34,606	853,123	209,830	23.6%
All European artists	224	373,949	53,638	434,226	66,873	16.1%
New Entries
TikTok = No	19	212,213	81,919	230,441	89,148	8.5%
TikTok = Yes	51	1,347,418	539,383	1,479,805	742,645	9.8%
All New Entries	70	1,039,291	309,842	1,140,692	390,567	9.7%

Source: Data drawn from Songstats platform.

Figure 1. Spotify streams over time.

Figure 2. Spotify streams over time for male and female artists.

Figure 3. Spotify streams over time for European and nonEuropean artists.

Figure 4. Spotify streams over time for new-entry artists and no-new entry artists.

Table 3. Determinants of Spotify streams.

	Common effect				Ranked effect
	[1]	[2]	[3]	[4]	[5]	[6]	[7]
After Covid-19	0.529*** (0.008)	0.537*** (0.008)	1.204*** (0.010)	1.241*** (0.009)	0.496*** (0.006)	0.510*** (0.007)	1.221*** (0.009)
Tik Tok user	1.925*** (0.009)	1.932*** (0.010)	1.701*** (0.009)	0.967*** (0.008)	0.887*** (0.006)	0.938*** (0.007)	0.858*** (0.007)
After Covid-19 x Tik Tok user	0.042*** (0.013)	0.046*** (0.012)	0.050*** (0.011)	0.051*** (0.010)
After Covid-19 x Ranked					0.386*** (0.015)	0.359*** (0.015)	0.199*** (0.014)
Ranked in Dj Mag list 2020					0.799*** (0.015)	0.783*** (0.016)	0.818*** (0.015)
Male Artists		1.060*** (0.009)	0.685*** (0.009)	0.441*** (0.009)		0.750*** (0.008)	0.456*** (0.009)
Age		0.004*** (0.003)	0.008*** (0.003)	0.016*** (0.003)		0.018*** (0.003)	0.014*** (0.003)
Cons	9.736*** (0.008)	8.732*** (0.015)	9.756*** (0.030)	8.227*** (0.027)	9.303*** (0.007)	7.979*** (0.015)	8.382*** (0.028)
Genre Control	No	No	Yes	Yes			Yes
Country FEs	No	No	Yes	Yes			Yes
Entry on Dj Mag list 2018	No	No		Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Entry on Dj Mag list 2019	No	No		Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Entry on Dj Mag list 2020	No	No		Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Adjusted-R2	0.182	0.210	0.364	0.484	0.353	0.374	0.486
No. of artists	300	300	300	300	300	300	300
No. of observations	429,004	429,004	418,777	418,777	429,004	429,004	418,777

Source: Data drawn by Songstats platform.

Notes: The dependent variable is the logarithm of the number of streams in Spotify digital platform. All specifications include artist and month fixed effects. All Specifications control for artists’ social media fans. Standard errors are in parenthesis and clustered at the artist level.

* Significant at the 10% level. ** Significant at the 5% level. *** Significant at the 1% level.

Table 4. Sub-Sample analyses by artist attributes.

	Males		Europeans		New Entries
	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes	No
	[1]	[2]	[3]	[4]	[5]	[6]
After Covid-19	1.298*** (0.017)	0.596*** (0.007)	1.165*** (0.010)	1.511*** (0.019)	1.714*** (0.017)	0.572*** (0.007)
Tik Tok user	0.640*** (0.021)	1.069*** (0.010)	0.961*** (0.010)	1.202*** (0.021)	1.076*** (0.032)	1.027*** (0.009)
After Covid-19 x Tik Tok user	0.296*** (0.016)	0.015* (0.011)	0.174*** (0.011)	−0.282*** (0.019)	0.388*** (0.017)	0.015* (0.010)
Male Artists			0.668*** (0.010)	−0.326*** (0.023)	−2.292*** (0.081)	0.517*** (0.010)
Age	−0.010*** (0.002)	0.022*** (0.002)	0.020*** (0.003)	0.002** (0.001)	−0.014*** (0.001)	0.015*** (0.003)
Cons	8.650*** (0.064)	8.787*** (0.019)	8.324*** (0.029)	6.999*** (0.075)	13.948*** (0.055)	8.632*** (0.020)
Genre Control	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Country FEs	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	No
Entry on Dj Mag list 2018	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Entry on Dj Mag list 2019	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Entry on Dj Mag list 2020	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Adjusted-R2	0.488	0.317	0.485	0.577	0.396	0.478
No. of artists	253	47	224	76	70	230
No. of observations	354,213	64,564	310,545	108,232	31,929	405,628

Source: Data drawn by Songstats platform.

Notes: The dependent variable is the logarithm of the number of streams in Spotify digital platform. All specifications include month and artist fixed effects. All Specifications control for artists’ social media fans. Standard errors are in parenthesis and clustered at the artist level.

* Significant at the 10% level. ** Significant at the 5% level. *** Significant at the 1% level.

Table A1. Negative binomial estimations on Spotify streams.

	Common effect				Ranked effect
	[1]	[2]	[3]	[4]	[5]	[6]	[7]
After Covid-19	0.514*** (0.009)	0.557*** (0.009)	1.104*** (0.009)	1.114*** (0.009)	0.511*** (0.008)	0.504*** (0.006)	1.116*** (0.008)
Tik Tok user	1.164*** (0.009)	1.646*** (0.009)	1.672*** (0.009)	0.857*** (0.006)	0.730*** (0.006)	0.986*** (0.008)	0.778*** (0.006)
After Covid-19 x Tik Tok user	0.045*** (0.010)	0.050*** (0.009)	0.053*** (0.011)	0.054*** (0.011)
After Covid-19 x Ranked					0.321** (0.012)	0.310*** (0.013)	0.133*** (0.012)
Ranked in Dj Mag list 2020					0.625*** (0.009)	0.650*** (0.008)	0.714*** (0.008)
Male Artists		0.719*** (0.009)	0.701*** (0.009)	0.664*** (0.009)		0.720*** (0.007)	0.450*** (0.009)
Age		0.002*** (0.003)	0.009*** (0.003)	0.018*** (0.003)		0.017*** (0.002)	0.013*** (0.002)
Cons	2.248*** (0.004)	2.266*** (0.005)	2.556*** (0.003)	2.262*** (0.003)	2.229*** (0.002)	2.108*** (0.014)	2.135*** (0.003)
Genre Control	No	No	Yes	Yes			Yes
Country FEs	No	No	Yes	Yes			Yes
Entry on Dj Mag list 2018	No	No		Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Entry on Dj Mag list 2019	No	No		Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Entry on Dj Mag list 2020	No	No		Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Pseudo-R2	0.033	0.037	0.038	0.038	0.353	0.374	0.050
No. of artists	300	300	300	300	300	300	300
No. of observations	429,004	429,004	418,777	418,777	429,004	429,004	418,777

Source: Data drawn by Songstats platform.

Notes: The dependent variable is the logarithm of the number of streams in Spotify digital platform. All specifications include artist and month fixed effects. All Specifications control for artists’ social media fans. Standard errors are in parenthesis and clustered at the artist level.

* Significant at the 10% level. ** Significant at the 5% level. *** Significant at the 1% level.