Determinants to the adoption of energy-efficient retrofits and the role of policy measures

Figures & data

Table 1. Overview of the dataset and underlying variables.

Variable	Mean	Std. Dev.	Min.	Max.	Obs.
Number of EER (over last 5 years)	0.77	1.26	0	6	1663
Household size	2.98	1.25	1	6	1663
Size of dwelling (in sqm)	179.15	63.24	100	400	1663
Number of rooms	5.05	0.97	0	6	1663
Building built before 1940	0.26	0.44	0	1	1663
Building built in 1940–1970	0.24	0.43	0	1	1663
Building built in 1970–2000	0.35	0.48	0	1	1663
Building built in 2000–2015	0.14	0.35	0	1	1663
Household has kids/teens	0.37	0.48	0	1	1663
Household has elderly	0.34	0.47	0	1	1663
Respondent’s age < 40 years	0.07	0.25	0	1	1663
Respondent’s age between 40–60 years	0.47	0.5	0	1	1663
Respondent’s age > 60 years	0.46	0.5	0	1	1663
Household Income < 6k	0.17	0.37	0	1	1663
Household Income in 6k-12k	0.54	0.5	0	1	1663
Household Income > 12k	0.29	0.45	0	1	1663
Respondent has university degree	0.42	0.49	0	1	1663
Respondent’s partner has univ. degree	0.23	0.42	0	1	1663
Respondent’s investment literacy	0.67	0.47	0	1	1663
Respondent’s energy literacy	4.55	3.16	0	11	1663
Respondent’s energy-saving behavior	2.53	1.02	0	4	1663
Morally obliged to reduce consumption	0.73	0.44	0	1	1663
Concerned about free-riding by others	0.08	0.28	0	1	1663

Notes: This table reports the summary statistics for the sample of 1663 owned single-family households in the CEPE 2015 dataset.

Table 2. Overview of the dataset and underlying variables.

Variable (panel)	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	Overall
Atleast one EER	0.0898	0.0702	0.0971	0.120	0.0950	0.136	0.0951
	(0.286)	(0.256)	(0.296)	(0.325)	(0.293)	(0.344)	(0.293)
EER Intensity: “No EER”	0.910	0.930	0.903	0.880	0.905	0.864	0.905
	(0.286)	(0.256)	(0.296)	(0.325)	(0.293)	(0.344)	(0.293)
EER Intensity: “Some EER”	0.077	0.062	0.083	0.105	0.082	0.107	0.082
	(0.266)	(0.242)	(0.276)	(0.307)	(0.275)	(0.310)	(0.275)
EER Intensity: “Many EER”	0.013	0.008	0.014	0.015	0.013	0.030	0.013
	(0.114)	(0.089)	(0.119)	(0.121)	(0.112)	(0.167)	(0.113)
Tax deduction policy	0.878	0.884	0.885	0.883	0.883	1	0.884
	(0.328)	(0.320)	(0.320)	(0.321)	(0.322)	(0)	(0.320)
Subsidy expenses per capita	11.59	12.12	15.30	11.53	12.53	21.12	12.74
	(5.252)	(4.599)	(6.778)	(8.543)	(6.001)	(0)	(6.575)
Consulting expenses per capita	4.373	4.456	4.555	2.579	2.366	1.387	3.600
	(4.729)	(4.444)	(4.369)	(1.296)	(1.263)	(0)	(3.660)
Household size	3.089	3.024	2.969	2.920	2.907	2.738	2.976
	(1.276)	(1.256)	(1.236)	(1.228)	(1.234)	(1.120)	(1.246)
# Observations	1437	1510	1534	1552	1663	103	7799

Notes: This table reports the mean, standard deviation (in parentheses) and count for the panel variables used in the empirical analysis. The annual data covers the period from 2010 to 2014 except for one region, for which data is available from 2011 to 2015.

Table 3. Marginal effects for probit and ordered probit models for EER (CEPE 2015 dataset).

	Probit		Ordered Probit
	RE-1	REM-1	RE-2	REM-2
Tax deduction policy	0.0219*	0.0232**	0.0180**	0.0188**
	(0.0113)	(0.0116)	(0.0089)	(0.0091)
Subsidy expenses per capita	0.0007	0.0006	0.0007	0.0006
	(0.0005)	(0.0006)	(0.0004)	(0.0005)
Consulting expenses per capita	0.0016	0.0017	0.0013*	0.0015
	(0.0010)	(0.0013)	(0.0008)	(0.0011)
Household size	0.0042	−0.0068	0.0042	−0.0040
	(0.0037)	(0.0093)	(0.0029)	(0.0075)
Size of dwelling (in sqm)	−0.0001*	−0.0001*	−0.0000	−0.0000
	(0.0001)	(0.0001)	(0.0000)	(0.0000)
Number of rooms	0.0058	0.0054	0.0026	0.0023
	(0.0041)	(0.0041)	(0.0032)	(0.0032)
Building built in 1940–1970	0.0280***	0.0278***	0.0202***	0.0201***
	(0.0088)	(0.0089)	(0.0069)	(0.0070)
Building built in 1970–2000	−0.0050	−0.0051	−0.0075	−0.0078
	(0.0085)	(0.0086)	(0.0067)	(0.0068)
Building built in 2000–2015	−0.1455***	−0.1455***	−0.1148***	−0.1150***
	(0.0179)	(0.0179)	(0.0138)	(0.0139)
Household has kids/teens	−0.0103	−0.0127	−0.0082	−0.0099
	(0.0100)	(0.0102)	(0.0079)	(0.0080)
Household has elderly	−0.0108	−0.0104	−0.0085	−0.0083
	(0.0092)	(0.0092)	(0.0073)	(0.0073)
Respondent’s age < 40 years	0.0167	0.0178	0.0143	0.0150
	(0.0144)	(0.0144)	(0.0113)	(0.0113)
Respondent’s age > 60 years	−0.0134	−0.0126	−0.0116	−0.0111
	(0.0098)	(0.0098)	(0.0077)	(0.0077)
Household Income in 6k-12k	−0.0026	−0.0027	−0.0011	−0.0011
	(0.0096)	(0.0096)	(0.0076)	(0.0076)
Household Income > 12k	0.0036	0.0035	0.0035	0.0035
	(0.0117)	(0.0118)	(0.0093)	(0.0093)
Respondent has university degree	−0.0017	−0.0014	−0.0012	−0.0009
	(0.0079)	(0.0079)	(0.0062)	(0.0062)
Respondent’s partner has univ. degree	0.0170*	0.0166*	0.0150**	0.0148**
	(0.0088)	(0.0088)	(0.0069)	(0.0070)
Std(investment literacy)	−0.0020	−0.0018	−0.0013	−0.0012
	(0.0038)	(0.0039)	(0.0030)	(0.0031)
Std(energy literacy)	0.0027	0.0027	0.0026	0.0025
	(0.0035)	(0.0035)	(0.0028)	(0.0028)
Std(energy-saving behavior)	0.0046	0.0047	0.0032	0.0033
	(0.0036)	(0.0036)	(0.0028)	(0.0028)
Morally obliged to reduce consumption	0.0232***	0.0232***	0.0193***	0.0190***
	(0.0079)	(0.0080)	(0.0063)	(0.0063)
Concerned about free-riding by others	0.0259**	0.0260**	0.0205**	0.0204**
	(0.0118)	(0.0119)	(0.0093)	(0.0094)
Observations	7799	7799	7799	7799

Notes: This table reports the average marginal effects (AME) obtained for the panel data models estimated on the CEPE 2015 dataset. The main outcome variable is a dichotomous variable for whether or not any EER was undertaken (RE-1 and REM-1). The secondary outcome variable represents renovation intensity as three ordered groups (RE-2 and REM-2). For RE-2 and REM-2, the AME have been calculated using margins in Stata v13.1 and represent probability of a specified outcome level (Some EER). Coefficients on the year fixed effects and on the Mundlak terms have not been reported. Std() refers to standardized form (z-scores, with zero mean and unit standard deviation) for the three indices investment literacy, energy literacy, and energy-saving behaviour. Robust standard errors in parentheses. *, ** and *** respectively denote significance at 10%, 5% and 1% levels.