Hyperglycaemia, oxidative stress and inflammatory markers

Figures & data

Table 1. Anthropometric and general biomarkers.

Characteristic	Control group	Q1(BGL<4.5 mmol/l)	Q2 (BGL ≥4.5–4.7 mmol/l)	Q3 (BGL ≥4.7–<6.1 mmol/l)	Q4,5 (BGL ≥6.1 mmol/l)	P value Q1 vs. Q4,5
Gender	20M/27F	19M/27F	16M/33F	30M/38F	49M/50F
Age (years)	61.2 ± 9.9	69.8 ± 12	69.6 ± 8	66.6 ± 11	69.3 ± 9	ns
WC (cm)	91.8 ± 12.5	91.8 ± 15.2*	93.6 ± 14.3	97.7 ± 10.8	104.2 ± 14.6*	<0.001*
BMI (kg/m^2)	26.0 ± 4.6	25.9 ± 5.4*	27.6 ± 6.2	28.3 ± 4.4	29.9 ± 5.5*	<0.001*
SBP (mm/Hg)	125.5 ± 15.2	130 ± 19	129.8 ± 17	132.8 ± 21	135 ± 19	ns
DBP (mm/Hg)	76.7 ± 7.4	74 ± 10	76 ± 8	79 ± 8	78 ± 19	ns
AIP	−0.18 ± 0.26	−0.19 ± 0.23*	−0.15 ± 0.26	−0.01 ± 0.25	0.08 ± 0.3*	<0.001*
BGL (mmol/l)	5.2 ± 0.9	4.5 ± 0.3*	5.1 ± 0.1	5.6 ± 0.2	8.6 ± 3.2*	<0.001*
HbA1c (%)	5.6 ± 0.3	5.6 ± 0.5*	5.7 ± 0.3	5.7 ± 0.4	6.7 ± 1.3*	<0.001*
TC (mmol/l)	5.3 ± 0.8	5.0 ± 0.9	5.3 ± 1.1	5.3 ± 1.0	4.7 ± 1.3	ns
TG (mmol/l)	1.2 ± 0.6	1.1 ± 0.5*	1.2 ± 0.5	1.5 ± 0.6	1.8 ± 0.9*	<0.001*
HDL (mmol/l)	1.6 ± 0.5	1.8 ± 0.5*	1.6 ± 0.5	1.5 ± 0.4	1.4 ± 0.5*	<0.001*
LDL (mmol/l)	3.22 ± 0.8	2.7 ± 0.9	3.1 ± 1.0	3.2 ± 0.9	2.6 ± 1.1	ns
TC/HDL ratio	3.4 ± 1.1	3.0 ± 0.9*	3.4 ± 1.2	3.8 ± 1.1	3.8 ± 1.3*	<0.001*

Results expressed as mean ± SD. Q, quintile;ns, not significant; WC, waist circumference; BMI, Body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; AIP, atherogenic index; BGL, blood glucose level; HbA1c, Haemoglobin A1c; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein.

*Statistical significance between Q 1 – glucose of <4.5 mmol/l and Q4,5 glucose of >6.1 mmol/l.

Table 2. Oxidative stress and inflammatory markers.

Characteristic	Control group	Q1	Q2	Q3	Q 4,5	P value
GSH (μmol/l)	1760.2 ± 729	2267.8 ± 673*	1787.5 ± 791	1804.8 ± 1013	1632.2 ± 612*	<0.001
GSSG (μmol/l)	286.4 ± 266	266.6 ± 110	275.5 ± 281	241.9 ± 100	352.4 ± 211	ns
GSH:GSSG ratio	5.8 ± 6	8.1 ± 4*	8.3 ± 10	7.4 ± 7	5.1 ± 5*	<0.05
8OHDG (pg/mL)	511.9 ± 264	612.5 ± 429*	647.6 ± 548	668.4 ± 398	865.2 ± 512*	<0.05
IL-1β (pg/mL)	2.85 ± 5	2.48 ± 1.5*	3.41 ± 11.7	2.75 ± 10.6	3.56 ± 8.5*	<0.05
IL-6 (pg/mL)	19.19 ± 21.9	19.43 ± 24.2	15.76 ± 16.5	19.96 ± 29.3	15.72 ± 29.7	ns
IL-10 (pg/mL)	19.95 ± 21.1	19.95 ± 115.8	15.97 ± 28.1	17.45 ± 27.5	18.51 ± 25.1	ns
MCP-1 (pg/mL)	196.95 ± 65.8	189.08 ± 140.6	215.60 ± 102.3	189.02 ± 112	192.4 ± 139	ns
IGF-1 (pg/mL)	295.58 ± 541.6	255.19 ± 381.7	347.51 ± 447.4	307.38 ± 614.5	205.12 ± 362.1	ns
CRP (mg/l)	1.0 ± 2	1.0 ± 1.9	1.0 ± 1.6	1.9 ± 2.2	1.8 ± 2.2	ns

Median ± IQR, Q, Quintile; ns, not significant; GSH, glutathione; GSSG, glutathione disulphide; 8OHdG, 8-hydroxy-20-deoxyguanosine; IL-1β, interleukin 1 beta; IL-6, interleukin 6; IL-10, interleukin 10; MCP-1, monocyte chemo-attractant protein -1; IGF-1, insulin like growth factor – 1; CRP, C reactive protein.

*Statistical significance between Q1 and Q 4,5.

Figure 1. Medication usage chart comparison. Dmeds, diabetic medication; Anti-HT, anti-hypertensives; NSAID, non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.

Table 3. Inflammatory marker ratio test.

	Q 1	Q2	Q3	Q 4,5*	P value
CRP/IL-10	0.12 ± 0.4	0.08 ± 0.1	0.09 ± 0.4	0.06 ± 0.2	ns
IL6/IL-10	0.26 ± 0.4*	0.41 ± 2.3	0.53 ± 0.5	0.44 ± 1.2*	<0.05*
IL-1β/IL-10	0.17 ± 0.1*	0.34 ± 1.0	0.19 ± 0.5	0.32 ± 0.6*	<0.05*
MCP-1/IL-10	9.4 ± 11.2*	10.93 ± 14.0	8.90 ± 17.3	8.65 ± 14.3*	<0.05*
IGF-1/IL-10	15.4 ± 20.1*	16.31 ± 17.0	7.84 ± 8.1	8.13 ± 22.9*	<0.05*
IGF-1/MCP-1	1.52 ± 1.7	1.29 ± 1.7	0.96 ± 1.8	0.99 ± 3.2	ns
IL-1β/CRP	1.59 ± 2.3	7.4 ± 10.9	2.05 ± 5.6	2.78 ± 12.2	ns
IL-6/IL-1β	1.87 ± 1.9*	1.07 ± 18.6	2.54 ± 12.3	3.05 ± 13.4*	<0.05*
CRP/IL-6	0.50 ± 0.9	0.30 ± 0.3	0.53 ± 08	0.28 ± 0.8	ns

Median ± IQR, Q, quintile; CRP, C reactive protein; IL-10, interleukin-10; IL-6, interleukin-6; IL-1β, interleukin-1 beta; MCP-1, monocyte chemo-attractant protein-1; IGF-1, insulin like growth factor -1; ns, not significant.

*Statistical significance Q1 vs Q4,5.

Figure 2. CVD, HT, and T2DM status. T2DM, Type 2 diabetes mellitus; CVD, cardiovascular disease; HT, hypertension.