Sex differences in oxidative stress after eccentric and concentric exercise

Figures & data

Table 1. Somatic characteristics of study participants (mean ± SE)

	Age (years)	BH (cm)	BM (kg)	LBM (kg)	FM (kg)	PBF (%)	BMI (kg m^−2)
Women	20.6 ± 0.4	164.7 ± 1.0	55.3 ± 2.0	43.2 ± 0.8	12.1 ± 41.3	21.3 ± 1.6	20.4 ± 0.7
Men	22.3 ± 0.5	182.7 ± 1.6	80.9 ± 2.0	67.1 ± 1.3	13.8 ± 1.2	16.9 ± 1.1	24.2 ± 0.5
P value	0.02	<0.01	<0.01	<0.01	0.34	0.04	<0.01

P < 0.05 statistically significant differences men vs. women; BH: body height; BM: body mass; LBM: lean body mass; FM: fat mass; PBF: percentage of body fat; BMI: body mass index.

Table 2. Maximal values of physiological indicators in study participants (mean ± SE)

	VO2max (L min^−1)	VO2max BM^−1 (mL kg^−1min^−1)	VO2max LBM^−1 (mL kg^−1min^−1)	VEmax (L min^−1)	HRmax (b min^−1)
Women	2.47 ± 0.11	44.73 ± 1.23	56.95 ± 1.85	85.1 ± 2.8	195.9 ± 3.1
Men	4.76 ± 0.14	59.16 ± 1.55	70.93 ± 1.47	150.4 ± 5.7	197.9 ± 2.5
P value	<0.01	<0.01	<0.01	<0.01	0.62

P < 0.05 statistically significant differences men vs. women; VO_2max: maximal oxygen uptake; V_Emax: maximal pulmonary ventilation; HRmax: maximal heart rate.

Table 3. Threshold (RCP) values of physiological indicators in study participants (mean ± SE)

	VO2 (L min^−1)	VO2·BM^−1 (mL kg^−1min^−1)	VO2·LBM^−1 (mL kg^−1min^−1)	HR (b min^−1)	Exercise intensity at RCP
					%VO2max	%HRmax
Women	1.93 ± 0.14	34.59 ± 1.48	44.36 ± 2.57	176.7 ± 3.5	79.3 ± 1.8	90.1 ± 1.0
Men	3.76 ± 0.20	46.34 ± 1.69	55.93 ± 2.54	174.1 ± 3.2	78.3 ± 2.1	88.0 ± 1.4
P value	<0.01	<0.01	<0.01	0.59	0.72	0.24

P < 0.05 statistically significant differences men vs. women; RCP: respiratory compensation point; VO₂: oxygen uptake at RCP; HR: heart rate at RCP.

Table 4. Biochemical indicators concentrations in the blood before and after concentric (CONC) and eccentric (ECC) work and level running in women and men (mean ± SE)

Variable	Time	Level (0°)	CONC (+4.5°)	ECC (−4.5°)	F (P)
					Effort	Time	Effort/time
Women
ox-LDL (ng mL^−1)	Before	102.2 ± 15.3	82.9 ± 12. 6	80.5 ± 17.2	0.71	2.14	2.64
	After	88.1 ± 15.7	103.7 ± 22.1	128.4 ± 31.6^a	(0.50)	(0.13)	(0.04)
	24 hours after	80.8 ± 14.1	103.7 ± 19.0	151.2 ± 37.3^a
3-NTR (nmol L^−1)	Before	414.6 ± 85.7	317.7 ± 85.8	301.1 ± 77.1	0.30	0.83	0.26
	After	416.7 ± 107.1	366.1 ± 83.2	332.2 ± 79.0	(0.74)	(0.44)	(0.90)
	24 hours after	386.8 ± 107.5	333.8 ± 87.3	317.9 ± 72.6
UA (µmol L^−1)	Before	252.8 ± 25.1	228.5 ± 21.8	231.0 ± 22.1	0.32	0.70	1.41
	After	255.1 ± 26.1	259.2 ± 26.1	230.8 ± 22.3	(0.73)	(0.50)	(0.24)
	24 hours after	263.4 ± 32.7	221.1 ± 17.1	239.4 ± 23.8
Lactate (mmol·L^−1)	Before	1.7 ± 0.2	1.5 ± 0.1	1.6 ± 0.1	15.01	26.29	19.76
	After	1.7 ± 0.4	4.6 ± 0.4^a	1.8 ± 0.3	(<0.01)	(<0.01)	(<0.01)
Men
ox-LDL (ng mL^−1)	Before	101.8 ± 22.4	117.9 ± 29.4	107.9 ± 20.7	0.05	0.75	0.24
	After	109.3 ± 24.9	100.4 ± 33.2	112.2 ± 24.0	(0.96)	(0.48)	(0.92)
	24 hours after	115.7 ± 20.2	118.9 ± 33.2	135.1 ± 27.0
3-NT (nmol L^−1)	Before	334.6 ± 63.2	299.6 ± 69.2	295.6 ± 69.4	0.52	0.93	1.37
	After	361.5 ± 54.6	284.8 ± 52.1	307.6 ± 54.9	(0.60)	(0.40)	(0.26)
	24 hours after	407.6 ± 75.7	257.9 ± 59.0	351.6 ± 77.6
UA (µmol L^−1)	Before	378.4 ± 35.3^b	337.4 ± 22.4^b	403.7 ± 39.0^b	0.50	1.62	1.40
	After	386.5 ± 35.7^b	351.3 ± 26.5^b	377.6 ± 37.5^b	(0.61)	(0.32)	(0.25)
	24 hours after	410.6 ± 43.1^b	360.8 ± 23.7^b	385.7 ± 41.9^b
Lactate (mmol L^−1)	Before	2.0 ± 0.2	2.0 ± 0.3	2.1 ± 0.2	11.85	3.84	15.31
	After	1.7 ± 0.3	3.9 ± 0.3^a	1.7 ± 0.2	(<0.01)	(0.06)	(<0.01)

^aAfter exercise vs. before exercise.

^bMen vs. women; ox-LDL: oxidized low-density lipoprotein; 3-NT: 3-nitrotyrosine; UA: uric acid.

Significant differences (P < 0.05).

Table 5. Hematological indicators contents in the blood before and after concentric (CONC) and eccentric (ECC) work and level running in women and men (mean ± SE)

Variable	Time	Level (0°)	CONC (+4.5°)	ECC (−4.5°)	F (P)
					Effort	Time	Effort/time
Women
WBC (10^3 µL^−1)	Before	6.67 ± 0.70	6.05 ± 0.51	6.17 ± 0.68	0.40	29.88	3.48
	After	7.24 ± 0.73	6.87 ± 0.73	8.52 ± 0.63^a	(0.70)	(<0.01)	(0.01)
	24 hours after	6.09 ± 0.80	5.58 ± 0.37	5.98 ± 0.57
NEUT (10^3 µL^−1)	Before	4.16 ± 0.54	3.88 ± 0.48	3.66 ± 0.52	0.08	12.92	0.96
	After	4.52 ± 0.56	4.30 ± 0.62	4.87 ± 0.58^a	(0.92)	(<0.01)	(0.44)
	24 hours after	3.75 ± 0.58	3.42 ± 0.26	3.51 ± 0.40
LYMPH (10^3 µL^−1)	Before	2.15 ± 0.18	1.82 ± 0.10	2.13 ± 0.19	3.26	32.88	6.66
	After	2.26 ± 0.18	2.19 ± 0.09	3.14 ± 0.21^a	(0.06)	(<0.01)	(<0.01)
	24 hours after	1.92 ± 0.18	1.76 ± 0.11	2.05 ± 0.19
MONO (10^3 µL^−1)	Before	0.19 ± 0.02	0.15 ± 0.01	0.18 ± 0.04	1.00	1.77	0.68
	After	0.21 ± 0.04	0.18 ± 0.02	0.26 ± 0.03	(0.38)	(0.18)	(0.61)
	24 hours after	0.20 ± 0.03	0.18 ± 0.03	0.18 ± 0.02
Men
WBC (10^3 µL^−1)	Before	4.71 ± 0.32^b	5.19 ± 0.27	4.71 ± 0.35	1.00	21.04	0.61
	After	5.18 ± 0.38^b	6.23 ± 0.42	5.17 ± 0.43^b	(0.38)	(<0.01)	(0.66)
	24 hours after	6.17 ± 0.56	6.97 ± 0.50^a,b	6.81 ± 0.88^a
NEUT (10^3 µL^−1)	Before	2.71 ± 0.31^b	2.96 ± 0.18	2.76 ± 0.24	0.53	20.59	0.82
	After	2.87 ± 0.31^b	3.39 ± 0.29	2.95 ± 0.29^b	(0.59)	(<0.01)	(0.52)
	24 hours after	3.51 ± 0.39	3.93 ± 0.24^a	4.10 ± 0.52^a
LYMPH (10^3 µL^−1)	Before	1.74 ± 0.9	1.98 ± 0.12	1.69 ± 0.17	2.77	12.51	0.37
	After	2.01 ± 0.10	2.56 ± 0.13^b	1.98 ± 0.14^b	(0.08)	(<0.01)	(0.83)
	24 hours after	2.31 ± 0.19	2.66 ± 0.24^b	2.36 ± 0.34
MONO (10^3 µL^−1)	Before	0.09 ± 0.02^b	0.12 ± 0.02	0.10 ± 0.02	0.45	5.53	0.62
	After	0.13 ± 0.01	0.13 ± 0.03	0.11 ± 0.01^b	(0.64)	(0.01)	(0.65)
	24 hours after	0.17 ± 0.01	0.15 ± 0.02	0.14 ± 0.02

^aAfter exercise vs. before exercise.

^bMen vs. women; WBC: white blood cells; NEUT: neutrophils; LYMPH: lymphocytes; MONO: monocytes.

Significant differences (P < 0.05).