Hesperidin attenuates inflammation and oxidative damage in pleural exudates and liver of rat model of pleurisy

Figures & data

Figure 1. Diagram showing experimental design with animal grouping.

Table 1. Exudate volume and total leukocyte count in carrageenan-induced acute inflammation in rats pretreated with hesperidin.

Groups	Exudate volume (mL)	Total leukocyte count (×10^6/cavity)
CTL	0.08 ± 0.02^b	6.33 ± 1.33^b
PLE	1.30 ± 0.19^d	79.26 ± 9.27^d
HSD	0.04 ± 0.01^a	5.27 ± 0.42^a
PLE + HSD	0.79 ± 0.05^c	56.67 ± 5.73^c

Notes: Data are presented as mean ± SEM (n = 6).

Values with the same superscript along the same column are not significantly (P > 0.05) different.

CTL: Control; PLE: inflammation only; HSD: Hesperidin only; PLE + HSD: inflammation with hesperidin.

Figure 2. Effect of hesperidin on myeloperoxidase activity in rat plasma of carrageenan-induced pleurisy. The results were expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 6),*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 and ***P < 0.001 compared to the PLE or/and CTL group. Key: CTL: rats were administered saline solution only (Normal control group); PLE: rats were administered saline solution (NaCl 0.9%) orally and injected with carrageenan (Inflammation control group); HSD: rats were administered 80 mg/kg of hesperidin only (Hesperidin group); PLE + HSD: rats were administered 80 mg/kg hesperidin orally and intrapleurally injected with carrageenan (Inflammation treated with hesperidin group).

Figure 3. (A) Effect of hesperidin on ROS production in exudates cells of carrageenan-induced pleurisy. The results were expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 6), *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 and ***P < 0.001 compared to the PLE or/and CTL group. (B) Representative plot of flow cytometric analysis of ROS production in pleural exudates cells using dihydrorhodamine 123 dye. Key: CTL: rats were administered saline solution only (Normal control group); PLE: rats were administered saline solution (NaCl 0.9%) orally and injected with carrageenan (Inflammation control group); HSD: rats were administered 80 mg/kg of hesperidin only (Hesperidin group); PLE + HSD: rats were administered 80 mg/kg hesperidin orally and intrapleurally injected with carrageenan (Inflammation treated with hesperidin group).

Figure 4. Effect of hesperidin on ROS production in rat liver of carrageenan-induced pleurisy. The results were expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 6), *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 and ***P < 0.001 compared to the PLE or/and CTL group. Key: CTL: rats were administered saline solution only (Normal control group); PLE: rats were administered saline solution (NaCl 0.9%) orally and injected with carrageenan (Inflammation control group); HSD: rats were administered 80 mg/kg of hesperidin only (Hesperidin group); PLE + HSD: rats were administered 80 mg/kg hesperidin orally and intrapleurally injected with carrageenan (Inflammation treated with hesperidin group).

Figure 5. Effect of hesperidin on TBARS generation in rat liver of carrageenan-induced pleurisy. The results were expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 6), *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 and ***P < 0.001 compared to the PLE or/and CTL group. Key: CTL: rats were administered saline solution only (Normal control group); PLE: rats were administered saline solution (NaCl 0.9%) orally and injected with carrageenan (Inflammation control group); HSD: rats were administered 80 mg/kg of hesperidin only (Hesperidin group); PLE + HSD: rats were administered 80 mg/kg hesperidin orally and intrapleurally injected with carrageenan (Inflammation treated with hesperidin group).

Figure 6. Effect of hesperidin on δ-ALAD activity in rat liver of carrageenan-induced pleurisy. The results were expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 6), *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 and ***P < 0.001 compared to the PLE or/and CTL group. CTL: Control; PLE: Inflammation only; HSD: Hesperidin only; PLE + HSD: Inflammation with hesperidin.

Figure 7. Effect of hesperidin on SOD activity in rat liver of carrageenan-induced pleurisy. The results were expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 6), *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 and ***P < 0.001 compared to the PLE or/and CTL group. Key: CTL: rats were administered saline solution only (Normal control group); PLE: rats were administered saline solution (NaCl 0.9%) orally and injected with carrageenan (Inflammation control group); HSD: rats were administered 80 mg/kg of hesperidin only (Hesperidin group); PLE + HSD: rats were administered 80 mg/kg hesperidin orally and intrapleurally injected with carrageenan (Inflammation treated with hesperidin group).

Figure 8. Effect of hesperidin on CAT activity in rat liver of carrageenan-induced pleurisy. The results were expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 6), *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 and ***P < 0.001 compared to the PLE or/and CTL group. Key: CTL: rats were administered saline solution only (Normal control group); PLE: rats were administered saline solution (NaCl 0.9%) orally and injected with carrageenan (Inflammation control group); HSD: rats were administered 80 mg/kg of hesperidin only (Hesperidin group); PLE + HSD: rats were administered 80 mg/kg hesperidin orally and intrapleurally injected with carrageenan (Inflammation treated with hesperidin group).

Figure 9. Effect of hesperidin on NPSH level in rat liver of carrageenan-induced pleurisy. The results were expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 6), *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 and ***P < 0.001 compared to the PLE or/and CTL group. Key: CTL: rats were administered saline solution only (Normal control group); PLE: rats were administered saline solution (NaCl 0.9%) orally and injected with carrageenan (Inflammation control group); HSD: rats were administered 80 mg/kg of hesperidin only (Hesperidin group); PLE + HSD: rats were administered 80 mg/kg hesperidin orally and intrapleurally injected with carrageenan (Inflammation treated with hesperidin group).