Antioxidant, antihyperglycemic, and antidyslipidemic effects of Brazilian-native fruit extracts in an animal model of insulin resistance

Figures & data

Table 1. Phytochemical characterization of E. uniflora and P. cattleianum fruit extracts.

	Total phenolic	Flavonoid	Anthocyanin
E. uniflora	7.92 ± 0.23	5.50 ± 0.68	1.72 ± 0.05
P. cattleianum	16.72 ± 0.26	15.24 ± 2.09	2.48 ± 0.09

Data are expressed as mean ± S.D. Total phenolic content is reported as mg of gallic acid/g of dried extract. Flavonoid content is reported as mg of rutin/g of dried extract. Anthocyanins are expressed as mg of cyanidin-3-glucoside/g of dried extract.

Figure 1. Glucose tolerance test performed at baseline (0) and at 30, 60, and 120 minutes after glucose injection (2 mg/g body weight). Data are expressed as mean ± SEM. Repeated-measures ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post hoc test; *P < 0.05 and ***P < 0.001 vs. control/vehicle. DEX: dexamethasone.

Table 2. Effect of E. uniflora and P. cattleianum fruit extract treatment on metabolic parameters of control and dexamethasone-treated rats.

	Control/vehicle	Control/ E. uniflora	Control/ P. cattleianum	DEX/Vehicle	DEX/ E. uniflora	DEX/P. cattleianum
Weight gain (g)	103.7 ± 9.6	103.0 ± 3.9	88.0 ± 5.5	50.2 ± 4.7***	59.5 ± 10.3**	50.4 ± 5.45***
Relative pancreatic weight (g/100 g b.w.)	0.75 ± 0.05	0.64 ± 0.04	0.61 ± 0.02	0.50 ± 0.03***	0.46 ± 0.02***	0.49 ± 0.03***
Glucose (mg/dL)	102.27 ± 8.93	96.30 ± 4.53	107.79 ± 2.74	156.55 ± 8.20***	102.36 ± 6.05^###	104.23 ± 7.64^###
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	155.42 ± 7.18	152.0 ± 8.57	157.11 ± 4.76	142.57 ± 1.61	141.2 ± 3.04	145.38 ± 2.20
Triacylglycerol (mg/dL)	63.19 ± 2.88	68.83 ± 3.49	74.07 ± 2.67	177.40 ± 3.57***	91.67 ± 4.81***^,^###	93.98 ± 2.84***^,^###
AST (U/L)	138.5 ± 3.5	166.4 ± 11.4	148.4 ± 14.6	127.6 ± 20.5	105.8 ± 6.16	160.0 ± 27.6
ALT (U/L)	36.2 ± 2.6	38.4 ± 3.9	42.0 ± 3.2	31.7 ± 4.2	26.7 ± 4.5	33.5 ± 4.1

Data are expressed as mean ± S.E.M. (n = 4–8). ***P < 0.001 as compared to the control/vehicle. **P < 0.01 as compared to control/vehicle. ^###P < 0.001 as compared to DEX/vehicle. One-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post hoc test. DEX: dexamethasone. AST: aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: alanine aminotransferase.

Figure 2. Effect of E. uniflora and P. cattleianum fruit extract treatment on oxidative stress parameters in the liver of control and dexamethasone-treated rats. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 4–5). One-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post hoc test; ***P < 0.001 and *P < 0.05 vs. control/vehicle; ^###P < 0.001 and ^#P < 0.05 vs. DEX/vehicle. TBARS: thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances; ROS: reactive oxygen species; CAT: catalase; SOD: superoxide dismutase; GPx: glutathione peroxidase; DEX: dexamethasone.

Figure 3. Effect of E. uniflora and P. cattleianum fruit extract treatment on aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALA-D) activity in the liver of control and dexamethasone-treated rats. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 4). No statistically significant difference was found between groups (one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post hoc test). DEX: dexamethasone.