Spectrophotometric assays for measuring redox biomarkers in blood and tissues: the NADPH network

Figures & data

Figure 1. The NADPH-related redox network. The black boxes indicate the biomarker protocols presented in this paper, and the grey boxes indicate the biomarker protocols presented in Veskoukis et al. [15]. NADH: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide reduced, NAD⁺: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide oxidized, NADPH: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate reduced, NADP⁺: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidized, NR: nicotinamide riboside, NR kinase: nicotinamide riboside kinase, NMN: nicotinamide mononucleotide, NamPRT: nicotinamide phosphoribosyl transferase, Nam: nicotinamide, NMNAT: nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyl transferase, GR_red: reduced form of glutathione reductase, GR_ox: oxidized form of glutathione reductase, GPx_red: reduced form of glutathione peroxidase, GPx_ox: oxidized form of glutathione peroxidase, GST: glutathione transferase, CAT: catalase, SOD: superoxide dismutase, GSH: reduced glutathione, GSSG: glutathione disulphide, Prx_red: reduced form of peroxiredoxin, Prx_ox: oxidized form of peroxiredoxin, Prx_overx: over-oxidized form of peroxiredoxin, Trx_red: reduced form of thioredoxin, Trx_ox: oxidized form of thioredoxin, TrxR_red: reduced form of thioredoxin reductase, TrxR_ox: oxidized form of thioredoxin reductase, Srx: sulfiredoxin, NO^•: nitric oxide, NOS: nitric oxide synthase.

Table 1. The selected NADPH-related redox biomarkers and the proposed protocols.

NADPH-related redox biomarker	Proposed protocol
NADPH	Wagner and Scott [20]
NADH	Wagner and Scott [20]
NAD^+ kinase	Outten and Culotta [21]; Pollak et al. [22]
NADPH oxidase	Someya et al. [23]; Hua et al. [24]
Peroxiredoxin	Nelson and Parsonage [25]
Thioredoxin	Kumar and Holmgren [26]
TrxR	Kumar and Holmgren [26]
NOS	Abdelkawy and Salem [27]

Figure 2. Schematic illustration of the reaction schemes for the biomarker assays.

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