Exercise through a cardiac rehabilitation program attenuates oxidative stress in patients submitted to coronary artery bypass grafting^*

* This paper is part of dissertation of the Post-Graduate Program (Cardiology) of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro.

Figures & data

Table 1. General characteristics of the population.

Variable	Patients
Age (average)	61.1 (42–75)
Male (%)	72.5
BMI (kg/m^2)	25.4 (23.1–28.3)
Comorbidities (HAS/DM/DLP) (%)	67.5
EF (%)	38 ± 3
ACE inhibitor (%)	72.5
β-blocker (%)	95.0
CCB (%)	2.5
Diuretic (%)	12.5
Statin (%)	82.5
Sedentary (%)	100
Hemoglobin (mg/dl)	11.9–14.2
Leukocytes (cells/mm^3)	5300 ± 800
STH (mU/l)	2.3–3.1

Note: BMI: body mass index; HBP: high blood pressure; DM: diabetes mellitus; DLP: dyslipidemia; EF: ejection fraction; TSH: thyroid stimulating hormone; CCB: calcium channel blocker; ACE: angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor.

Values are expressed as mean ± SEM, n = 40.

Figure 1. Levels of lipid peroxidation (TBARS) (A) and SOD activity (B) in plasma along the cardiac rehabilitation: M0 (assessment before cardiac rehabilitation; n = 40); M2 (after 2 months: n = 35); M4 (after 4 months: n = 30); M6 (after 6 months: n = 28). The one entry (one-way ANOVA) and Holm–Sidak, after testing the assumptions of normality and sphericity by the D’Agostino and Pearson test was performed for analysis of the four moments, followed by the Dunn’s test and the statistical difference was denoted by *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 and ***p < 0.001.

Table 2 . Markers of oxidative stress and activity of antioxidants enzymes measured in four moments during cardiac rehabilitation program: M0 (assessment before cardiac rehabilitation; n = 40); M2 (after 2 months: n = 35); M4 (after 4 months: n = 30); M6 (after 6 months: n = 28).

	M0	M2	M4	M6
TBARS (nmol MDA mg protein^-1)	2.50 ± 0.34	2.35 ± 0.55	2.00 ± 0.40	1.97 ± 0.51
CP (µmol mg^-1protein^–1)	1.36 ± 0.28	1.33 ± 0.23	1.21 ± 0.20	1.24 ± 0.27
SOD (U ml^-1)	13.41 ± 2.85	14.00 ± 2.43	12.18 ± 2.89	11.13 ± 2.78
CAT (mmol min^-1 mg protein^-1)	0.32 ± 0.08	0.35 ± 0.09	0.31 ± 0.11	0.26 ± 0.10
GPx (mmol min^-1 mg protein^-1)	0.05 ± 0.01	0.06 ± 0.02	0.05 ± 0.01	0.04 ± 0.01
GSH (pmol ml^-1 mg protein^-1)	0.54 ± 0.22	0.55 ± 0.31	0.58 ± 0.33	0.68 ± 0.36*
Uric acid (mg dl^-1)	4.11 ± 0.67	4.30 ± 0.57	4.30 ± 0.58	5.14 ± 0.75
FRAP (µmol l^-1)	4.32 ± 2.87	4.06 ± 1.91	5.1 ± 4.17	23.17 ± 19.53

Note: TBARS: thiobarbituric acid reactive substances; CP: carbonyl proteins; GSH: reduced glutathione; CAT: catalase; GPx: glutathione peroxidase; SOD: superoxide dismutase; FRAP: ferric reducing antioxidant power; Values are expressed as mean ± SEM. M0 = Initial moment; M2, M4 and M6: after 2, 4 and 6 months of the cardiac rehabilitation program.

All values are expressed as mean ± SEM.

Figure 2. Levels of GSH (A), acid uric (B) and FRAP (C) in whole blood along cardiac rehabilitation: M0 (assessment before cardiac rehabilitation; n = 40); M2 (after 2 months: n = 35); M4 (after 4 months: n = 30); M6 (after 6 months: n = 28).The one entry (one-way ANOVA) and Holm–Sidak, after testing the assumptions of normality and sphericity by the D’Agostino and Pearson test was performed for analysis of the four moments, followed by the Dunn’s test and the corresponding statistical differences. For FRAP data, the Friedman test was performed for analysis of the four moments, followed by the Dunn’s test and the statistical difference was denoted by *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 and ***p < 0.001.