Protection of cholinergic and antioxidant system contributes to the effect of Vitamin D₃ ameliorating memory dysfunction in sporadic dementia of Alzheimer’s type

Figures & data

Figure 1. (A) Chemical structure of Vitamin D₃ [25- Hydroxyvitamin D₃ or (C₂₇H₄₄O₂)], (B) struture of Streptozotocin [N-(methylnitrosocarbamoyl)-α-d-glucosamine or (C₈H₁₅N₃O₇)], (C) schematic representation in days of the experimental design. Day 0 indicates the day of surgery (icv- STZ infusion).

Figure 2. AChE activity in the cerebral cortex of rats with Sporadic Dementia of Alzheimer Type (SDAT) and treated with Vitamin D₃ (VD) in different doses (12.5, 42 and 125 µg/kg). * indicates significant difference from the control (CTL) (p < 0.05). # indicates significant difference from the SDAT group (p < 0.05). Each column represents mean ± SEM (n = 7). Results are expressed as µmol AcSCh/mg protein (one-way ANOVA followed by Kruskal–Wallis).

Figure 3. AChE activity in synaptosomes of the cerebral cortex of rats with Sporadic Dementia of Alzheimer Type (SDAT) and treated with Vitamin D₃ (VD) in doses of 125 µg/kg. * indicates significant difference from the control (CTL) (p < 0.05). # indicates significant difference from SDAT group (p < 0.05). Each column represents mean ± SEM (n = 7). Results are expressed as µmol AcSCh/mg protein (one- way ANOVA followed by Kruskal–Wallis).

Figure 4. (A) ROS levels in cerebral cortex of rats with Sporadic Dementia of Alzheimer Type (SDAT) and treated with Vitamin D₃ (VD) in different doses (12.5, 42 and 125 µg/kg). Results are expressed as ρmol DFC/mg protein (one- way ANOVA followed by Kruskal–Wallis). (B) TBARS levels in the cerebral cortex of rats with Sporadic Dementia of Alzheimer Type (SDAT) and treated with Vitamin D₃ (VD) in different doses (12.5, 42 and 125 µg/kg). * indicates significant difference from the control (CTL) (p < 0.05). # indicates significant difference from the SDAT group (p < 0.05). Each column represents mean ± SEM (n = 7). Results are expressed as nmol MDA/mL (one-way ANOVA followed by Kruskal–Wallis). (C) Carbonyl protein content in the cerebral cortex of rats with Sporadic Dementia of Alzheimer Type (SDAT) and treated with Vitamin D₃ (VD) in different doses (12.5, 42 and 125 µg/kg µg/kg). * indicates significant difference from the control (CTL) (p < 0.05). # indicates significant difference from the SDAT group (p < 0.05). Each column represents mean ± SEM (n = 7). Results are expressed as nmol/mg protein (one-way ANOVA followed by Kruskal–Wallis). (D) Vitamin C levels in the cerebral cortex of rats with Sporadic Dementia of Alzheimer Type (SDAT) and treated with Vitamin D₃ (VD) in different doses (12.5, 42 and 125 µg/kg µg/kg). * indicates significant difference from the control (CTL) (p < 0.05). Results are expressed as µg/ vit c/g of tissue (one-way ANOVA followed by Kruskal–Wallis).

Figure 5. (A) Total SH content in cerebral cortex of rats with Sporadic Dementia of Alzheimer Type (SDAT) and treated with Vitamin D₃ (VD) in different doses (12.5, 42 and 125 µg/kg µg/kg). * indicates significant difference from the control (CTL) (p < 0.05). # indicates significant difference from SDAT group (p < 0.05). Each column represents mean ± SEM (n = 7). Results are expressed as nmol of SH/g of tissue (one-way ANOVA followed by Kruskal–Wallis). (B) GSH levels in the cerebral cortex of rats with Sporadic Dementia of Alzheimer Type (SDAT) and treated with Vitamin D₃ (VD) in different doses (12.5, 42 and 125 µg/kg µg/kg). * indicates significant difference from the control (CTL) (p < 0.05). # indicates significant difference from the SDAT group (p < 0.05). Each column represents mean ± SEM (n = 7). Results are expressed as µmol/mL (one-way ANOVA followed by Kruskal–Wallis). (C) GSSG levels in the cerebral cortex of rats with Sporadic Dementia of Alzheimer Type (SDAT) and treated with Vitamin D₃ (VD) in different doses (12.5, 42 and 125 µg/kg µg/kg). * indicates significant difference from the control (CTL) (p < 0.05). # indicates significant difference from the SDAT group (p < 0.05). Each column represents mean ± SEM (n = 7). Results are expressed as µmol/mL (one-way ANOVA followed by Kruskal–Wallis).

Figure 6. The Morris Water Maze of rats with Sporadic Dementia of Alzheimer Type (SDAT) and treated with Vitamin D₃ (VD) in doses of 125 µg/kg. * indicates significant difference from the control (CTL) (p < 0.05). # indicates significant difference from the SDAT group (p < 0.05). Each column represents mean ± SEM (n = 7). Results are expressed as the time to find the platform (A), time to spent in the quadrant (B), crossings (n) (C). The Open-field tests are expressed by time spent in quadrant (s) (D) and crossings (n) (E) (One-way ANOVA followed by Kruskal–Wallis).