Zingerone (4-(four-hydroxy-3-methylphenyl) butane-two-1) modulates adjuvant-induced rheumatoid arthritis by regulating inflammatory cytokines and antioxidants

Figures & data

Table 1. Tabular design of experiment.

Group 1 (Control Group)	Normal saline orally
Group 2 (Diseased Group)	Arthritic control rats (positive control) single intradermal injection of FCA (0.1 ml) at the base of tail
Group 3 (Treatment Group I)	Single intradermal injection of FCA 0.1 ml at the base of tail + zingerone (25 mg/kg b.w.; from the day of arthritis induction) in normal saline daily for three weeks by an oral gavage
Group 4 (Treatment group II)	Single intradermal injection of FCA 0.1 ml at the base of tail + zingerone (25 mg/kg b.w.; from day of arthritis onset) in normal saline daily for three weeks by an oral gavage

Figure 1. Effect of CFA and zingerone on LPO and activity of SOD, GPx and catalase. Values are presented as mean ± SD; n = 6 animals in each group. **indicates significance at P < 0.01 from the control group. ***indicates significance at P < 0.001 from the control group. ^#indicates significance at P < 0.05 from the CFA group. ^##indicates significance at P < 0.01 from the CFA group. ^###indicates significance at P < 0.001 from the CFA group. na = non-significant. LPO was expressed as nmoles of MDA formed/g tissue, SOD as units/mg protein, Gpx as nmoles of NADPH oxidized/mg protein and catalase as nmoles of H₂O₂ consumed/min/mg protein.

Figure 2. Effect of CFA and zingerone on NF-κB, TNF-α and TGF-β in cell-free extract of joint. Values are presented as mean ± SE; n = 6 animals in each group. **indicates significance at P < 0.01 from the control group. ***indicates significance at P < 0.001 from the control group. ^##indicates significance at P < 0.01 from the CFA group. ^### indicates significance at P < 0.001 from the CFA group. NF-κB, TNF-α and TGF-β were measured as pg/g protein.

Figure 3. Effect of CFA and zingerone on IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10 and Hs-CRP in cell-free extract of joint. Values are presented as mean ± SE; n = 6 animals in each group. **indicates significance at P < 0.01 from the control group. ^##indicates significance at P < 0.01 from the CFA group, na = non-significant. IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10 and Hs-CRP were measured as pg/g protein.

Figure 4. Effect of CFA and zingerone on NF-κB, TNF-α, and TGF-β levels in serum. Values are presented as mean ± SE; n = 6 animals in each group. *indicates significance at P < 0.05 from the control group. ***indicates significance at P < 0.001 from the control group. ^#indicates significance at P < 0.05 from the CFA group. ^##indicates significance at P < 0.01 from the CFA group. ^### indicates significance at P < 0.001 from the CFA group. na = non-significant. NF-κB, TNF-α and TGF-β were measured as pg/ml.

Figure 5. Effect of CFA and zingerone on IL-β, IL-6, IL-10 and Hs-CRP levels in serum. Values are presented as mean ± SE; n = 6 animals in each group. **indicates significance at P < 0.01 from the control group. ***indicates significance at P < 0.001 from the control group. ^##indicates significance at P < 0.01 the CFA group. ^### indicates significance at P < 0.001 from the CFA group. na = non-significant. IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10 and Hs-CRP were measured as pg/g protein.

Figure 6. Different mechanism of action of zingerone in arthritis.