Alleviate oxidative stress in diabetic retinopathy: antioxidant therapeutic strategies

Figures & data

Figure 1. Diabetes metabolic dysfunction caused by hyperglycemia. The primary pathways contributing to the pathogenesis of retinopathy by promoting oxidative stress and generating ROS include the polyol pathway, hexosamine biosynthesis pathway, formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), and activation of protein kinase C (PKC).

Figure 2. Diabetes disrupts Redox balance in retina induced by hyperglycemia. There exists a delicate balance between the formation of free radicals and the antioxidant defense mechanisms under normal physiological conditions. Hyperglycemia induced by diabetes disrupts this equilibrium by promoting ROS production while simultaneously suppressing retinal antioxidant response.

Table 1. Application of antioxidant therapeutic strategies for DR.

Compounds	Target	Research Type	References
Gabapentin	BCATc	Animal experiment (Rat)	[39]
Fenofibrate	PPAR-α	Cell culture	[41]
Sulodexide	NOX4/NOX5	Animal experiment (Pig)	[45]
Bilobalide	Nrf2/HO-1	Animal experiment (Rat)	[49]
Carvedilol	Nrf2/ARE	Cell culture	[52]
Conbercept	NOX1/NOX4	Animal experiment (Mouse)	[55]
Scutellarin	Nrf2	Animal experiment (Mouse)	[58]
Cilostazol	Free radicals	Animal experiment (Rat)	[60]
Quercetin	Free radicals	Animal experiment (Rat)	[63]
Coumestrol	Sirt1	Animal experiment (Rat)	[66]
Dihydromyricetin	Poldip2/NOX4	Animal experiment (Rat)	[69]
Tricin	Sestrin2/Nrf2	Animal experiment (Rat)	[72]
Curcumin	Nrf2	Animal experiment (Rat)	[75]
Proanthocyanidins	Free radicals	Cell culture	[79]
Isoliquiritigenin	Sirt1	Animal experiment (Rat)	[80]
Rhaponticin	Nrf2/HO-1	Animal experiment (Rat)	[81]
Kaempferol	Bax/Bcl-2	Animal experiment (Rat)	[83]
LPC	TLR4/NF-κB	Cell culture	[87]
omega-3	Free radicals	Animal experiment (Rat)	[88]
FA	Homocysteine	Animal experiment (Mouse)	[90]
Vitamin C	Free radicals	Animal experiment (Rat)	[19]
Vitamin D	Free radicals	Cell culture	[92]
Vitamin E	Malondialdehyde	Clinical trial	[93]
Zeaxanthin	NOX4	Animal experiment (Rat)	[18]
Astaxanthin	PI3K/Akt/Nrf2	Cell culture	[95]
Lutein	Free radicals	Animal experiment (Mouse)	[97]
SOD3	Free radicals	Animal experiment (Mouse)	[100]
TGF-β	Nrf2/HO-1	Cell culture	[101]
GLP-1	MnSOD/CuZnSOD	Animal experiment (Mouse)	[103]
PHLPP1	Nrf2/ARE	Animal experiment (Rat)	[106]
Capsaicin	Poldip2	Animal experiment (Rat)	[109]
Captopril	Free radicals	Animal experiment (Rat)	[112]
tBHQ	PI3K/Akt/eNOS	Animal experiment (Rat)	[115]
Paeonol	Free radicals	Animal experiment (Rat)	[118]
Geniposide	Nrf2	Animal experiment (Mouse)	[122]
Melatonin	Sirt1	Animal experiment (Mouse)	[125]

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Data availability

Data will be made available upon reasonable request from the corresponding author.