Who fakes support for the military? Experimental evidence from Tunisia

Figures & data

Figure 1. Trust in the armed forces (WVS, wave 7).

Figure 2. Direct question on perceptions of the military in Tunisia (N = 1038).

Table 1. Direct and experimental measures (survey 1).

	List Experiment		Direct
Control	1.31	[540]
Treatment	1.68	[493]
Estimated Support	36.65***	(4.62)	76.88^+++	(1.31)
N	1033		1038

***Two-tailed significance of comparison between treatment and control group.

⁺⁺⁺ Two-tailed significance of comparison between experimental and direct measure.

N in square brackets; Standard errors in round brackets.

Figure 3. Sensitivity bias across social groups.

Figure 4. Partisan bias.

Figure 5. Incumbency bias.

Table 2. Misreporting support for the military (survey 1).

	Model 1	Model 2
Government	0.4714**	0.4805**
	(0.1728)	(0.1831)
Nahda	0.1805	0.2236
	(0.2698)	(0.2741)
Terrorism		−0.17
		(0.1669)
Protest 2011		−0.2825
		(0.1851)
Age		0.0306
		(0.0382)
Female		0.0631
		(0.1944)
Education		0.0152
		(0.0595)
Unemployed		−0.2897
		(0.2497)
Student		−0.3733
		(0.3168)
Housewife		0.0665
		(0.2583)
Married		−0.4607*
		(0.2155)
Income		−0.0306
		(0.054)
Income refused		0.3777
		(0.4158)
Coast		0.2214
		(0.1707)
Military service		−0.2052
		(0.2303)
Treatment	−0.0715	−0.0886
	(0.1506)	(0.1524)
Intercept	1.0008***	1.2233**
	(0.1219)	(0.4028)
N	1029	1029
Log-likelihood	−1974.81	−1945.38

Note: ⁺p < 0.1, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.

Regressions conducted with misreport package in R (Eady 2017).

Table 3. Direct and experimental measures (survey 2).

	List Experiment		Direct
Control	1.91	[518]
Treatment	2.35	[490]
Estimated Support	43.88***	(7.89)	94.84^+++	(0.70)
N	1008		1008

***Two-tailed significance of comparison between treatment and control group.

⁺⁺⁺ Two-tailed significance of comparison between experimental and direct measure.

N in square brackets; Standard errors in round brackets.

Figure 6. Incumbency bias (survey 2).

Table 4. Misreporting support for the military (survey 2).

	Model 3	Model 4
Government	0.6942*	0.7137*
	(0.3434)	(0.3537)
Nahda		−0.6881
		(0.4852)
Terrorism		−0.2309
		(0.3676)
Age		0.1086
		(0.0706)
Female		−0.2415
		(0.4468)
Education		0.1648
		(0.1632)
Unemployed		−0.8239^+
		(0.456)
Student		1.1947
		(1.0939)
Housewife		−0.3892
		(0.5371)
Income		0.0617
		(0.0764)
Income refused		−5.945
		(7.2084)
Coast		−1.0774
		(1.0433)
Military service		0.325
		(0.664)
Treatment	0.048	0.0679
	(0.3422)	(0.3496)
Intercept	2.7338***	2.8267*
	(0.2813)	(1.2936)
N	959	959
Log-likelihood	−1621.7	−1584.27

Note: ⁺p < 0.1, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.

Regressions conducted with misreport package in R (Eady 2017).