Whom does heritage empower, and whom does it silence? Intangible cultural heritage at the Jemaa el Fnaa, Marrakech

Abstract

Since the 2001–2005 Proclamations of Masterpieces and the highly successful 2003 Convention, the UNESCO paradigms of intangible cultural heritage (ICH) and safeguarding have become influential concepts in international, national and local cultural policy. But the thinking employed in the ICH model – where practitioners are ‘bearers’ of reified, bounded heritage practices – neglects the lived realities of practitioners, ultimately safeguarding little and potentially exacerbating existing inequalities. While the ICH model contains promises of community empowerment, its actual execution can in fact disempower many, merely replicating existing inequalities in the new context of ICH management. While existing literature addresses the theoretical shortcomings of UNESCO’s approach, the purpose of this article was to examine the ways in which they unfold in real life. As a practical case study, it is based on fieldwork among the performers at the Jemaa el Fnaa Square in Marrakech, a site addressed in the earliest rounds of the UNESCO ICH project. Using this case study, I discuss ways in which the issues of power inherent in the ICH paradigm have real consequences for those affected and implications for the success of the projects developed under its umbrella.

Keywords:

• UNESCO
• intangible
• heritage
• Morocco
• Marrakech

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author.

Notes

1. The survey covered 40 respondents (just over 10% of the total estimated population of hlayqiya at the Square) among representatives of all genres performing regularly on the Square during the research period. It covered questions of income, expenses, savings and access to health care and education.

2. For a detailed discussion of the origins of the 2003 Convention for the Safeguard of ICH, see Hafstein (2004) and Aikawa-Faure’s chapter in Smith and Akagawa (eds.) (2008).

3. Interview with Bel‘aid Farouz in Marrakech, Morocco, May 2011.

4. Hafstein is also building on the work of Nikolas Rose and Tony Bennett on the subject of heritage and governmentality – see for example Rose (1999) and Bennett (2003).