Peacekeeping is Not Counterinsurgency

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Notes

1 Howard and Dayal, “The Use of Force in UN Peacekeeping”; Tull, “The Limits and Unintended Consequences of UN Peace Enforcement”; Karlsrud, The UN at War; Hunt, “All Necessary Means to What Ends?”

2 Lyall and Wilson, “Rage Against the Machines”; Hazelton “The ‘Hearts and Minds’ Fallacy.”

3 Report of the High-Level International Conference on the Protection of Civilians.

4 Out of some 125 Troop Contributing Countries, only 44 have signed the pledge. http://www.globalr2p.org/media/files/kp-signatories-19-december-2017.pdf

5 Cruz et al., “Improving Security of United Nations Peacekeepers”

6 UN Office of Internal Oversight Services, “Evaluation of the Implementation.”

7 Doyle and Sambanis, “International Peacebuilding”; Fortna Does Peacekeeping Work?; Howard, UN Peacekeeping in Civil Wars.

8 Diehl, Reifschneider, and Hensel, “United Nations Intervention”; Walter, Committing to Peace;?; Gilligan and Sergenti, “Do UN Interventions cause Peace?”; Fortna and Howard, “Pitfalls and Prospects.”

9 Hultman, Kathman, and Shannon, “UN Peacekeeping and Civilian Protection”; and “Beyond Keeping Peace”; Beardsley and Gleditsch, “Peacekeeping as Conflict Containment”; Ruggeri, Dorussen, and Gizelis, “Winning the Peace Locally.”

10 The eleven successful multidimensional missions, listed by end date, include those in Namibia, Cambodia, Mozambique, El Salvador, Eastern Slavonia/Croatia, Guatemala, Timor Leste, Sierra Leone, Burundi, Cote d’Ivoire, and Liberia. These are not all liberal democracies today, but neither have they been sucked back into war. The five, large, unsuccessful missions withdrew from Somalia, Angola, Rwanda, Bosnia, and Haiti.

11 Howard, Power in Peacekeeping.

12 ENCA, “UN peacekeepers Attacked.”