https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5443-5291
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ABSTRACT
This article describes a peace journalism model for conflict resolution based on collaboration within a public forum established by using alternative media. In other words, peace journalists have initiated a new type of public sphere that helps to overcome the inadequacies of the liberal peace agenda. The article proposes that reconciliation is enhanced by shifting the emphasis to collaborative engagement in order to create shared values and common principles. The unique contribution of this study is expanding Galtung’s peace journalism approach to conflict resolution to include using communication media to create a public sphere that establishes shared values. Thus, the article presents a viable dialogic and dialectic model for conflict resolution in Cyprus with its peace journalism response to criticisms regarding the role of the Cypriot press. Consequently, the developed model establishes an example for the regions in the world where ethnic conflicts are experienced.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).
Notes on contributors
Metin Ersoy is from Cyprus. He has earned his BA, MA and Ph.D. degrees from Eastern Mediterranean University in Famagusta, North Cyprus. He is currently an Associate Professor of New Media and Journalism at Faculty of Communication and Media Studies, in Eastern Mediterranean University. Since 2012, he is secretary of European Peace Research Association (EuPRA). His areas of research interest are Peace Journalism, Cypriot Media, News Framing and Coverage, Public Opinion, Agenda Setting and Conflict Resolution. He published articles in numerous journals, including International Communication Gazette, Journal of Universal Computer Science and Alternatives: Global, Local, Political.
Leon Miller is an instructor Corporate Social Responsibility (Business Ethics), Comparative Culture, Intercultural Communications, and Intercultural Relations. He also serves as a consultant for A Value-based Approach to Sustainable Social Economic Development in South Asia. He has a number of peer-reviewed publications in the areas of Peace Research, International Relations, Business Ethics in a Globalized World, and Holistic Well-being.
ORCID
Metin Ersoy http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5443-5291
Notes
1 Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations, 22.
2 Coleman, Power and Conflict, 120.
3 Fisher and Ury, Getting to Yes, 3–14.
4 Ersoy, “Peace Journalism and News.”
5 Gans, Deciding What’s News; Herman and Chomsky, Manufacturing Consent; Shoemaker and Reese, Mediating the Message; Wolfsfeld, Khouri, and Peri, “News about the Other”; Mandelzis, “Representation of Peace.”
6 Zaharna, Amelia, and Ali, Relational, Networked, and Collaborative, 5–10.
7 Nye, “Soft Power,” 31, 91.
8 Habermas, “Kant’s Idea of Perpetual,” 113–54.
9 Micheletti, “Communication and Political Understanding,” 2.
10 Adom, Hussein, and Joe, “Theoretical and Conceptual Framework,” 438.
11 Grant and Osanloo, “Understanding, Selecting, and Integrating.”
12 Mowlana, Global Information and World, 244.
13 Ersoy developed these normative set of principles in his PhD dissertation. We would like to call these “normative set of values”. Ersoy, “Peace Journalism and News Coverage.”
14 Fisher and Ury, Getting To Yes, 132.
15 Bar-Siman-Tov, From Conflict Resolution, 232–3.
16 Littlejohn and Domenici, Engaging Communication in Conflict.
17 Bar-Siman-Tov, From Conflict Resolution, 233.
18 Galtung, “High Road, Low Road.”
19 Lynch and McGoldrick, Peace Journalism, 6.
20 Ury, Getting to Peace, 88.
21 Fisher, “Sources of Conflict,” 5.
22 Ibid., 5.
23 Mowlana, Global Information and World, 245.
24 Galtung, “High Road, Low Road.”
25 Fisher and Ury, Getting To Yes, 23.
26 Mowlana, Global Information and World, 245.
27 İrvan, “Peace Journalism as a Normative,” 37.
28 Ibid., 37.
29 Arsan, “Çatışma ve Savaş Dönemlerinde,” 51–2.
30 Ersoy, “Implementing Peace Journalism,” 459.
31 Swan, “Peacekeeping in Cyprus,” 22.
32 Ülger and Efegil, “Avrupa Birliği Kıskacında Kıbrıs,” 4.
33 UNDP, “The United Nations General Assembly”; Guardian, “Cyprus Peace talks Raise.”
34 Hadjipavlou, “The Cyprus Conflict”; Coleman, “Power and Conflict”; Lederach, Sustainable Reconciliation in Divided.
35 Fisher, “Cyprus,” 307.
36 Galtung, “A Structural Theory of Imperialism,” 90–3.
37 Galtung, “High road, Low Road.”
38 Lynch and McGoldrick, Peace Journalism, 224.
39 Shinar, “Democracy, Development, Peace.”
40 Lynch and McGoldrick, Peace Journalism, 5.
41 Fisher, Interactive Conflict Resolution, 8; Burton, Conflict and Communication; Burton, Resolving Deep-Rooted Conflict; Kelman, “An Interactional Approach.”
42 Rothman and Olson, “From Interests to Identities,” 291–7.
43 Castells, “The New Public Sphere,” 78.
44 Rothman and Olson, “From Interests to Identities,” 291–7.
45 Ibid., 291–7.
46 Burton, “Conflict Resolution.”
47 Burton, World Society, 141; Fisher, “Cyprus,” 308–9.
48 Putnam, “Definition and Approaches,” 11–14.
49 UNDP, “The United Nations General Assembly.”
50 Hackett, “Journalism for Peace,” 179–98.
51 As Bailey, Cammaerts, and Carpentier, defined: “Alternative media can take one or more opposite positions on these matters: (i) small-scale and oriented towards specific communities, possibly disadvantaged groups, respecting their diversity; (ii) independent of state and market; (iii) horizontally (or non-hierarchically) structured, allowing for the facilitation of audience access and participation within the frame of democratization and multiplicity; (iv) carriers of non-dominant (possibly counter-hegemonic) discourses and representations, stressing the importance of self-representation”. Bailey, Cammaerts, and Carpentier, Understanding Alternative Media, 1.
52 Jürgen Habermas explains the concept of public domain as follows: ‘By “public sphere” we mean first of all a domain of our social life in which such a thing as public opinion can be formed. Access to the public sphere is open in principle to all citizens.’ Habermas, The Structural Transformation, 231.
53 Castells, “The New Public Sphere,” 78–81.
54 Ibid., 78.
55 Trimikliniotis, “Reconciliation and Social Action,” 149.
56 Carpentier and Doudaki, “Communication Media for Reconciliation,” 420–30.
57 Jarraud and Lordos, “Participatory Approaches to Environmental,” 270–4.
58 UNESCO, Agree to Differ, 12.
59 Hooker, “Kant’s Normative Ethics,” 1.
60 Ibid., 1.
61 Paton, The Categorical Imperative, 129.
62 Sullivan, An Introduction to Kant’s, 28.
63 Pugh, “Democratic Peace Theory,” 2.
64 Galtung, Theories of Peace.
65 Ibid.
66 Castells, “The New Public Sphere,” 78–81.
67 Ersoy, “Peace Journalism and News,” 251.
68 Galtung, “High Road, Low Road.”
69 Fisher and Ury, Getting To Yes, 25.
70 Ibid., 23, 25.
71 Kempf, “Acceptance and Impact Of De-escalation Conflict Coverage.”
72 Tringides, “The Role of the Mass Media,” 44–6.
73 Ersoy, “Implementing Peace Journalism,” 462.
74 Fowler, Language in the News.
75 Tehranian, “Peace Journalism: Negotiating Global,” 80.
76 Mowlana, Global Information and World, 244.
77 Louise and Tabitha, Citizen Peacemaking in Cyprus, 7.
78 Ruiz et al., “Public Sphere 2.0?.”
79 Ersoy, “Peace Journalism and News Coverage,” 250.
80 İrvan, “Oral History as a Method.”
81 Wolfsfeld, Media and the Path, 159.
82 Bratic, Susan, and Kang-Graham, “Bosnia’s Open Broadcast Network,” 2008.
83 Wolfsfeld, Media and the Path.
84 Ibid.
85 Adebayo, “The Impact of Peace Journalism,” 375.
86 Lynch, “Is Peace Journalism Feasible.”
87 Ozohu-Suleiman, “War Journalism on Israel/Palestine,” 95.
88 Lacasse and Forster, “The War Next Door,” 2.
89 Galtung, “High Road, Low Road.”
90 Chung, Lessman, and Fan, “Framing the Nuke,” 22.
91 Ersoy, “Implementing Peace Journalism,” 458.
92 Gilboa, “Media and Conflict Resolution”; Galtung, “On the Role of the Media”; Burton, Conflict and Communication.
93 Nye, “Power and Foreign Policy,” 18–19.
94 Yang and Ishak, “Framing Interethnic Conflict,” 182.
95 Loyn, “Good Journalism or Peace Journalism.”
96 Hanitzsch is not against peace journalism. He problematizes the adjectives in front of the ‘journalism’ such as peace, war, conflict, constructive. He argued that ‘A clear definition of journalism is especially important in a time in which researchers tend to speak about “journalism” without giving any indication as to what conceptualization of journalism they subscribe to.’ Hanitzsch, “Situating Peace Journalism.”
97 Hanitzsch, Agents of Peace.
98 Lynch, “Peace Journalism and its Discontents,” 1.
99 Shinar, “Democracy, Development, Peace,” 6.
100 Bläsi, “Peace Journalism and the News,” 11.
101 Wolfsfeld, Media and Political Conflict; Wolfsfeld, Khouri, and Peri, “News about the other in Jordan”; Gans, Deciding What’s News; Mandelzis, “Representation of Peace in News”; Herman and Chomsky, Manufacturing Consent; Shoemaker and Reese, Mediating the Message; Ersoy, “War-Peace Journalism”; Şahin, “Diverse Media, Uniform Reports.”
102 Christophorou, “Discussion and Final Conclusions.”
103 Ottosen, “Emphasising Images in Peace,” 1.