When are Women Deployed? Operational Uncertainty and Deployment of Female Personnel to UN Peacekeeping

Figures & data

Figure 1. Distribution of the dependent variable proportion of female military personnel in a TCC’s contribution to UN peacekeeping.

Table 1. Descriptive statistics of main variables and controls.

Variable	N	Mean	Standard Deviation	Min	Max
Female military personnel (ratio)	3475	0.0416	0.120	0	1
New mission	3475	0.0584	0.2346	0	1
Duration (years)	3475	14.73	17.22	0	67
Battle related deaths (moving average 5y/1000)	3475	0.666	1.16	0	8.50
PK fatalities in mission (previous 2y/1000)	3475	0.018	0.021	0	0.12
SVAC in mission area (previous 2y, dummy)	3475	0.59	0.49	0	1
Chapter VII	3475	0.67	0.47	0	1
GDP/pc mission area (log)	3475	7.31	1.08	5.34	10.57
Mission size/1000	3475	7.45	6.055	0.001	19.993
TCC women in labour force	3475	41.943	8.80	8.13	54.995
TCC GDP/pc (log)	3475	8.47	1.547	5.42	11.58
TCC contribution size/1000	3475	0.179	0.495	0.001	4.299

Note: The descriptive statistics were generated in Stata.

Figure 2. The share of female military personnel in UN missions 2006-2015. Source: SIPRI Multilateral Peace Operations Database.

Table 2. Mixed effects regression of the proportion of women in military contributions.

	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)
	Female mil. personnel ratio	Female mil. personnel ratio	Female mil. personnel ratio	Female mil. personnel ratio	Female mil. experts ratio	Female mil. troops ratio
New mission	−1.026***	−0.538**			−0.665*	−0.711**
	(0.202)	(0.244)			(0.343)	(0.322)
Duration (years)			0.0887***	0.0538***
			(0.00896)	(0.0159)
Duration (years)*2			−0.00135***	−0.000719***
			(0.000142)	(0.000215)
BRD (mov.avg 5y)/1000		−0.373***		−0.332***	−0.563***	−0.368**
		(0.0756)		(0.0719)	(0.113)	(0.146)
PK fatalities (previous 2y)/1000		7.677**		9.328***	1.731	15.08***
		(3.223)		(3.203)	(6.425)	(3.778)
GDP/pc mission area (log)		0.185***		0.119*	0.298***	−0.224*
		(0.0607)		(0.0639)	(0.115)	(0.132)
SVAC (previous 2y, dummy)		−0.237*		−0.0700	−0.106	0.0886
		(0.133)		(0.145)	(0.193)	(0.198)
Chapter VII		−0.109		0.203	−0.862***	−1.322***
		(0.172)		(0.223)	(0.238)	(0.430)
Mission size/1000		0.0727***		0.0483***	0.112***	0.0101
		(0.0123)		(0.0146)	(0.0245)	(0.0184)
TCC women in labour force		0.139***		0.140***	0.188***	0.129***
		(0.0205)		(0.0207)	(0.0355)	(0.0230)
TCC GDP/pc (log)		0.0765		0.0760	0.0617	0.110
		(0.0894)		(0.0904)	(0.128)	(0.102)
TCC contribution size/1000		4.089***		4.100***	0.791***	3.550***
		(0.287)		(0.287)	(0.162)	(0.279)
Year dummies		Yes		Yes	Yes	Yes
Constant	−1.037***	−9.718***	−1.768***	−9.988***	−13.25***	−5.214***
	(0.145)	(1.310)	(0.173)	(1.321)	(2.184)	(1.814)
Observations	3475^a	3475^a	3475^a	3475^a	2618^b	1965^c

Note: Standard errors in parentheses * p < 0.10, ** p < 0.05, *** p < 0.01, grouped by TCC, ^a 125 groups, ^b 115 groups, ^c 116 groups.

The statistical results were generated in Stata.

Figure 3. Predicted effect of new mission.

Figure 4. Predicted effect of duration (years).

Figure 5. Women in TCCs’ labour forces and the proportion of female military personnel in contributions to new missions.

Table 3. Extended analysis and robustness tests, mixed effects regression of the proportion of women in military contributions.

	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)
	Female mil. personnel ratio	Female mil. personnel ratio	Female mil. personnel ratio	Female mil. personnel ratio	Female mil. personnel ratio	Female mil. personnel ratio
	Interaction	Women in domestic forces	Excluding small contributions	First 10 years of operation	Missions that started after 2009	Missions that started after 2009
New mission		−0.775**	−1.183**	−0.517*	−1.252***	−0.698
		(0.370)	(0.490)	(0.266)	(0.420)	(0.582)
Old mission*TCC Wom. in labour force	0.00219
	(0.0437)
Old mission	0.439
	(2.000)
BRD (mov.avg 5y)/1000	−0.373***	−0.296***	−0.542**	−0.307***	−1.299***	−0.478
	(0.0756)	(0.0960)	(0.219)	(0.0957)	(0.403)	(0.742)
PK fatalities (previous 2y)/1000	7.680**	6.650	−0.0888	8.807**		9.159
	(3.223)	(6.183)	(4.792)	(3.823)		(18.68)
GDP/pc mission area (log)	0.185***	0.101	0.237	0.0111	−0.194	−0.606
	(0.0607)	(0.0962)	(0.153)	(0.120)	(0.412)	(0.776)
SVAC (previous 2y, dummy)	−0.237*	−0.166	−0.821***	−0.349*		−0.880
	(0.133)	(0.207)	(0.279)	(0.200)		(1.038)
Chapter VII	−0.109	0.180	0.866*	−0.0108		−1.004
	(0.172)	(0.252)	(0.455)	(0.323)		(2.004)
Mission size/1000	0.0727***	0.0172	0.0701***	0.0735***		0.144
	(0.0123)	(0.0201)	(0.0231)	(0.0236)		(0.148)
TCC women in labour force	0.137***	0.105***	0.163***	0.151***	0.195***	0.193***
	(0.0469)	(0.0387)	(0.0335)	(0.0247)	(0.0537)	(0.0514)
TCC GDP/pc (log)	0.0764	0.124	0.0933	0.103		0.556***
	(0.0894)	(0.152)	(0.167)	(0.102)		(0.170)
TCC contribution size/1000	4.089***	8.643***	1.295***	4.298***	6.629***	6.983***
	(0.287)	(0.809)	(0.217)	(0.371)	(1.071)	(1.069)
Women in nat. forces		3.442
		(5.757)
Year dummies	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Constant	−10.16***	−8.430***	−8.531***	−9.294***	−8.398**	−10.45
	(2.348)	(2.278)	(2.405)	(1.702)	(3.454)	(6.696)
Observations	3475^a	1467^b	1308^c	2084^d	698^e	698^e

Note: Standard errors in parentheses * p < 0.10, ** p < 0.05, *** p < 0.01, grouped by TCC, ^a 125 groups, ^b 42 groups, ^c 92 groups, ^d 118 groups, ^e 104 groups. The statistical results were generated in Stata.

Data Availability Statement

Replication files and online appendix are available at: https://www.pcr.uu.se/data/replication-data/