Religiosity, trust, and the acceptance of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic restrictions: the case of Poland

Figures & data

Table 1. Intercorrelations between four groups of pandemic restrictions and other variables (N = 325).

Study variables	Restrictions regarding social distancing and isolation (A)	Restrictions associated with limitations of labor rights (B)	Restrictions limiting civil rights and increasing safety (C)	Restrictions limiting civil rights without a direct impact on safety (D)
Religiosity (overall)	0.05	0.12*	0.15**	0.24***
Intellect	-0.01	0.20	0.02	0.14*
Ideology	0.05	0.10	0.13*	0.18**
Private practice	0.07	0.11*	0.18**	0.23***
Experience	0.06	0.10	0.16**	0.25***
Public practice	0.03	0.13*	0.15**	0.25***
Deeply religious	0.09	0.11*	0.19**	0.22***
Interpersonal trust	0.07	-0.078	0.00	0.01
Trust in Government	0.23***	0.34***	0.42***	0.36***
Trust in Church	0.07	0.20***	0.23***	0.25***
Trust in health service	0.25***	-0.00	0.28***	0.05
Age	0.02	-0.02	-0.07	0.10

***p < .001, **p < .01, *p < .05

Table 2. The mediating effect of trust in Church in relationships between religiosity and acceptance of the pandemic restrictions.

	B	t	LLCI	ULCI	β	Boot CI
Total effect of religiosity on Group B restrictions	2.61	2.17*	0.25	4.97	0.12
Direct effect of religiosity on Group B restrictions	-0.75	-0.49	-3.71	2.22	-0.03
Indirect effect of religiosity on Group B restrictions through trust in Church	3.35	-	1.01	5.69	0.16CS	0.05, 0.26
Total effect of religiosity on Group C restrictions	3.48	2.66**	0.91	6.05	0.15
Direct effect of religiosity on Group C restrictions	-0.60	-0.33	-4.14	2.94	-0.03
Indirect effect of religiosity Group C restrictions through trust in Church	4.08	-	1.72	6.50	0.17CS	0.07, 0.28
Total effect of religiosity on Group D restrictions	0.41	3.69***	0.19	0.63	0.22
Direct effect of religiosity on Group D restrictions	0.24	1.62	-0.05	0.53	0.13
Indirect effect of religiosity on Group D restrictions through trust in Church	0.17	-	-0.05	0.39	0.09CS	-0.02, 0.20

Note: A heteroscedasticity-consistent standard error and covariance matrix estimator were used. β—standardized coefficient. A subscript _CS means completely standardized indirect effect. Boot CI—percentile bootstrap confidence intervals (10,000 samples) for completely standardized indirect effect.

***p < .001, **p < .01, *p < .05

Table A1. Pattern matrix with suppressing factor loadings less than 0.3 (recommendation by Field 2013, 692).

	Factor
	A	B	D	C
Suspension of classes in kindergartens, schools, and colleges	.860
Closing of shopping malls and furniture stores	.795
Suspension of sports competitions and cultural events	.749
Limiting the number of participants in Mass/service in churches	.706
Closing of services such as hairdressers and hotels	.702
Limitations on the number of customers in stores, pharmacies, post offices	.685
Prohibition of movement (except for professional duties and basic needs)	.553
Obligation to wear masks in public places	.483
Prohibition of visiting patients in hospitals, people in nursing homes, etc.	.403
Mandatory isolation for people infected with coronavirus
High financial penalties for healthcare professionals for failing to perform forced labor		.754
Work duty to combat epidemics for healthcare professionals		.741
Forced work in some workplaces (no employer consent for sick leave, days off, etc.)		.501
Control of content of parcels and letters and content of conversations and emails			.470
Restrictions of access to public information guaranteed by law			.457
Seizing cars or flats in connection with the need to fight a pandemic			.341
Prohibition of organizing assemblies, protests, and employee strikes				-.607
Controlling and tracking people in quarantine, e.g. via mobile applications				-.564
Suspension of associations, political parties, and trade unions				-.535
High financial penalties for non-compliance with bans and orders				-.517
Mandatory quarantine/prohibition to leave apartment for people coming from abroad or after contact with an infected person				-.513
Closure of state borders				-.484
Providing personal data of people in mandatory quarantine, e.g. to police, social security institution, post office				-.453
Prohibition on raising prices of goods and services

Extraction Method: Principal Axis Factoring

Rotation Method: Oblimin with Kaiser Normalization

Table A2. Descriptive statistics for the acceptance of the pandemic restrictions.

	M	SD
Control of content of parcels and letters and content of conversations and emails	6.12	16.56
Restrictions of access to public information guaranteed by law	9.45	20.78
Seizing cars or flats in connection with the need to fight a pandemic	11.48	23.27
High financial penalties for healthcare professionals for failing to perform forced labor	18.97	27.78
Forced work in some workplaces (no employer consent for sick leave, days off)	22.57	27.99
Salary reduction in part of suspended plants	35.22	30.56
Suspension of associations, political parties, and trade unions	35.60	37.72
Work duty to combat epidemics for healthcare professionals	35.66	32.47
Providing personal data of people in mandatory quarantine, e.g. to police, social security institution, post office	39.95	39.51
Prohibition of movement (except for professional duties and basic needs)	49.69	37.38
Controlling and tracking people in quarantine, e.g. via mobile applications	51.26	39.87
Prohibition of organizing assemblies, protests, and employee strikes	52.65	37.19
Closing of services such as hairdressers and hotels	54.95	35.44
High financial penalties for non-compliance with bans and orders	57.75	35.30
Obligation to wear masks in public places	58.89	37.68
Closure of state borders	64.57	35.73
Prohibition on raising prices of goods and services	64.60	37.34
Closing of shopping malls and furniture stores	67.09	33.18
Suspension of classes in kindergartens, schools, and colleges	71.82	31.63
Suspension of sports competitions and cultural events	73.09	32.48
Prohibition of visiting patients in hospitals, people in nursing homes, etc.	73.11	31.40
Limitations on the number of customers in stores, pharmacies, post offices	75.80	29.57
Mandatory quarantine/prohibition to leave the apartment for people coming from abroad or after contact with an infected person	78.08	30.11
Limiting the number of participants in Mass/service in churches	81.42	29.43
Mandatory isolation for people infected with coronavirus	92.45	18.76

Table A3. Descriptive statistics for study variables.

	M	SD	skewness	kurtosis
Religiosity	2.51	1.11	0.39	-0.98
Intellect	2.43	1.11	0.59	-0.51
Ideology	3.17	1.35	-0.17	-1.20
Private practice	2.49	1.38	0.41	-1.24
Experience	2.36	1.25	0.54	-0.82
Public practice	2.13	1.21	0.77	-0.67
Trust in the Church	26.49	32.53	0.99	-0.35
Trust in the Government	20.11	26.86	1.53	1.56
Trust in the health service	63.95	25.74	-0.64	-0.00
Interpersonal trust	3.97	1.48	-0.05	-0.51
A restrictions regarding social distancing and isolation	67.32	25.34	-0.77	-0.13
B restrictions associated with labor rights limitations	25.73	23.66	0.90	0.29
C restrictions limiting civil rights and increasing safety	54.27	25.84	-0.23	-0.75
D restrictions limiting civil rights without direct impact on safety	9.01	14.94	2.14	4.57
Dn restrictions limiting civil rights without direct impact on safety (after normalizing data)	1.72	2.07	0.77	-0.78

Field, Andy. 2013. Discovering Statistics Using SPSS. London: Sage.

 Google Scholar