Short- and Medium-Term Effects of Informal Eldercare on Labor Market Outcomes

Figures & data

Figure 1 Time structure of the data

Table 1 Descriptive statistics

	Women						Men
	Carers			Non-carers			Carers			Non-carers
	Mean	S.D.	Obs.	Mean	S.D.	Obs.	Mean	S.D.	Obs.	Mean	S.D.	Obs.
Outcome
Employed	0.48	0.50	1,092	0.61	0.49	8,451	0.50	0.50	418	0.70	0.46	6,334
Working hours^a	32.50	13.33	447	33.52	12.23	4,747	41.75	12.40	178	40.87	12.52	4,074
Full-time work^a	0.68	0.47	447	0.71	0.46	4,747	0.92	0.27	178	0.89	0.31	4,074
Retired	0.34	0.47	1,092	0.24	0.43	8,451	0.41	0.49	418	0.28	0.45	6,334
Explanatory variables
Recent caregiver	1.00	0.00	1,092	0.00	0.00	8,451	1.00	0.00	418	0.00	0.00	6,334
Past caregiver	0.50	0.50	1,092	0.08	0.27	8,451	0.37	0.48	418	0.04	0.20	6,334
Parent alive	0.87	0.34	1,092	0.86	0.34	8,451	0.88	0.32	418	0.86	0.35	6,334
Age	60.00	4.68	1,092	58.75	4.70	8,451	60.22	4.58	418	59.11	4.53	6,334
Past effective retirement age	0.39	0.49	1,092	0.29	0.45	8,451	0.36	0.48	418	0.25	0.43	6,334
Close to effective retirement age	0.53	0.50	1,092	0.42	0.49	8,451	0.49	0.50	418	0.37	0.48	6,334
Married	0.66	0.47	1,092	0.65	0.48	8,451	0.57	0.50	418	0.72	0.45	6,334
Number of children	1.95	1.13	1,092	2.10	1.26	8,451	1.57	1.31	418	2.04	1.27	6,334
Wave 2	0.23	0.42	1,092	0.27	0.44	8,451	0.22	0.42	418	0.30	0.46	6,334
Wave 5	0.35	0.48	1,092	0.30	0.46	8,451	0.37	0.48	418	0.28	0.45	6,334
Wave 6	0.42	0.49	1,092	0.43	0.49	8,451	0.41	0.49	418	0.42	0.49	6,334
Number of chronic diseases	1.36	1.33	1,092	1.21	1.30	8,451	1.26	1.25	418	1.15	1.26	6,334
Number of ADL	0.08	0.52	1,092	0.09	0.47	8,451	0.08	0.39	418	0.10	0.49	6,334
Number of IADL	0.13	0.66	1,092	0.16	0.62	8,451	0.13	0.61	418	0.11	0.58	6,334
Low education	0.34	0.47	1,092	0.28	0.45	8,451	0.28	0.45	418	0.25	0.44	6,334
Medium education	0.38	0.48	1,092	0.36	0.48	8,451	0.42	0.49	418	0.39	0.49	6,334
High education	0.29	0.45	1,092	0.36	0.48	8,451	0.30	0.46	418	0.35	0.48	6,334
Household wealth (in 10,000 Euro)	29.48	50.28	1,092	32.83	50.30	8,451	32.68	53.98	418	35.57	55.45	6,334
Instruments
Number of sisters	0.97	1.16	888	1.23	1.25	7,392	0.96	1.14	325	1.22	1.19	5,438
Parent in poor or fair health^b	0.65	0.48	1,075	0.51	0.50	8,277	0.68	0.47	414	0.50	0.50	6,191

Notes: ^a Working hours and full-time work are conditional on employment; ^b Zeros also include some cases were no parent is alive; S.D. = Standard deviation; Obs. = Observations.

Source: SHARE, own calculation.

Table 2 The effects of recent caregiving on labor force participation

(I) Women
	IV: Employed	OLS: Employed	IV: Log(hours)	OLS: Log(hours)	IV: Retired	OLS: Retired	IV: Full-time	OLS: Full-time
Recent caregiver	−0.145	−0.050***	−0.024	−0.082**	0.108	0.025*	−0.020	−0.030
	(0.146)	(0.016)	(0.302)	(0.032)	(0.117)	(0.013)	(0.260)	(0.024)
Obs.	8119	8119	4448	4448	8119	8119	4448	4448
R2		0.34		0.14		0.44		0.15
First stage F-Stat.	46.38		21.16		46.38		21.16
Endog. test (P-val.)^a	0.509		0.975		0.415		0.966
Overid. test (P-val.)^b	0.963		0.267		0.364		0.993
(II) Men
	IV: Employed	OLS: Employed	IV: Log(hours)	OLS: Log(hours)	IV: Retired	OLS: Retired	IV: Full-time	OLS: Full-time
Recent caregiver	−0.066	−0.120***	−0.425	0.026	0.364	0.045**	−0.129	0.012
	(0.283)	(0.025)	(0.531)	(0.041)	(0.260)	(0.022)	(0.346)	(0.027)
Obs.	5640	5640	3619	3619	5640	5640	3619	3619
R2		0.34		0.09		0.44		0.10
First stage F-Stat.	16.20		11.09		16.20		11.09
Endog. test (P-val.)^a	0.990		0.320		0.222		0.673
Overid. test (P-val.)^b	0.051		0.322		0.577		0.365

Notes: Significance levels are clustered on individual level: ***, **, * denote statistical significance at the 1, 5, and 10 percent levels, respectively. All regressions control for socio- demographic and health information and include country and wave fixed effects. ^aDurbin-Wu-Hausman; ^bSargan-Hansen test of overidentifying restrictions.

Source: SHARE, own calculation.

Table 3 The effects of recent and past caregiving on men’s labor force participation

	Women				Men
	Employed	Log(hours)	Retired	Full-time	Employed	Log(hours)	Retired	Full-time
Recent caregiving only	−0.054***	−0.0460	0.055***	−0.018	−0.076***	0.024	0.014	0.004
	(0.018)	(0.036)	(0.015)	(0.028)	(0.027)	(0.039)	(0.022)	(0.026)
Past caregiving only	−0.038**	−0.066**	0.027*	−0.062**	−0.064**	−0.013	0.029	−0.029
	(0.018)	(0.033)	(0.014)	(0.028)	(0.025)	(0.043)	(0.023)	(0.030)
Continuous caregiving	−0.048**	−0.137***	0.014	−0.067**	−0.140***	0.051	0.075**	0.044
	(0.020)	(0.047)	(0.017)	(0.032)	(0.038)	(0.044)	(0.034)	(0.034)
Obs.	9543	5194	9543	5194	6752	4252	6752	4252
R^2	0.33	0.14	0.45	0.15	0.35	0.08	0.46	0.10

Notes: Significance levels are clustered on individual level: ***, **, * denote statistical significance at the 1, 5, and 10 percent levels, respectively. All regressions control for socio- demographic and health information and include country and wave fixed effects.

Source: SHARE, own calculation.