Similar impairments shown on a neuropsychological test battery in adolescents with high-functioning autism and early onset schizophrenia: a two-year follow-up study

Figures & data

Table 1. Demographic and clinical characteristics: means and standard deviations by group and assessment time.

Variable	Baseline (T1)		Follow-up (T2)
	ASD (n = 21)	EOS (n = 22)	ASD (n = 20)	EOS (n = 17)
Sex (male/female)	20/1	11/11	19/1	7/10
Age	14.4 (1.5)	15.2 (1.5)	16.5 (1.5)	17.6 (1.7)
Mother’s education (yrs)	12.9 (2.6)	13.0 (3.0)	–	–
FSIQ^a,d	94.7 (17.1)	99.8 (14.8)	94.8 (16.4)	–
PIQ^b,d	95.0 (22.8)	101.8 (14.8)	99.4 (15.9)	–
VIQ^c,d	91.0 (19.0)	97.1 (15.7)	94.7 (17.6)	–
CGAS/GAF^e	49.1 (11.4)	48.5 (15.7)	48.4 (9.9)	60.1 (10.6)
PANSS total^f	–	55.1 (11.4)	–	50.4 (13.0)
ASSQ^g	25.8 (8.9)	–	21.4 (9.6)	–

Note: ASD: Autism Spectrum Disorder; EOS: early-onset schizophrenia.

^aFSIQ; full scale IQ. IQ estimated measures from the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI).

^bPIQ; estimated performance intelligence.

^cVIQ; estimated verbal intelligence.

^dIQ scores from T2 were not available for the EOS group.

^eCGAS/GAF; Children’s Global Assessment Scale/Global Assessment of Functioning.

^fPANSS; Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (n = 24).

^gASSQ; Autism Spectrum Screening Questionnaire.

Table 2. Demographic characteristics: chi-square and univariate comparisons (Bonferroni corrected for multiple comparisons .05/6 = .008).

Variable	Baseline (T1)		Follow-up (T2)
	Group comparisons		Group comparisons
	Chi-sq./ F	p	Chi-sq./ F	p
Sex (male/female)	10.9	.001	12.7	<.001
Age	(1,41) 3.26	NS.	(1,35) 4.72	NS.
Mother’s education (yrs)	(1,40) .027	NS.	–	–
FSIQ^a,b	(1,41) 1.10	NS.	–	–
PIQ^c	(1,41) 1.39	NS.	–	–
VIQ^d	(1,41) 1.32	NS.	–	–
CGAS/GAF^e	(1,41) .027	NS.	(1,33) 11.4	.002

Note: ASD: Autism Spectrum Disorder; EOS: early-onset schizophrenia.

^aFSIQ: full scale IQ. IQ estimated measures from the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI).

^bIQ scores from T2 were not available for the EOS group.

^cPIQ: estimated performance intelligence.

^dVIQ: estimated verbal intelligence.

^eCGAS/GAF: Children’s Global Assessment Scale/Global Assessment of Functioning.

Table 3. Results on CW 1–4 (completion time in sec.), HVLT (raw scores) and BVMT (raw scores) at T1 and T2, WASI comprehension and similarities at T1 (T-scores): means and standard deviations within the ASD and the EOS groups, and results (Bonferroni corrected for multiple comparisons .05/12 = .004) from Mixed Model ANOVA and ANOVA.

Variable	ASD (n = 20)		EOS (n = 17)		Group		Time		Time × Group
	T1	T2	T1	T2	F	p	F	p	F	p	${\eta }_p^2$
CW1^a	45.2 (12.6)	38.5 (9.3)	36.9 (7.8)	32.2 (7.2)	(1,34) 6.00	NS.	22.1	<.001	.675	NS.	.019
CW2	30.1 (6.7)	28.0 (6.4)	27.1 (7.7)	24.3 (6.5)	(1,34) 2.54	NS.	7.09	NS.	.166	NS.	.005
CW3	85.6 (25.5)	69.2 (21.8)	64.6 (18.6)	56.1 (18.7)	(1,34) 7.11	NS:	14.4	.001	1.44	NS.	.041
CW4	91.1 (25.7)	71.0 (13.3)	72.2 (22.4)	62.6 (22.8)	(1,34) 4.60	NS.	19.3	<.001	2.45	NS.	.067
HVLT learning^b	22.7 (6.3)	20.6 (4.3)	24.8 (5.4)	23.9 (5.9)	(1,35) 2.78	NS.	3.16	NS.	.501	NS.	.014
HVLT delayed recall	7.6 (2.7)	7.2 (2.6)	8.4 (2.9)	7.4 (2.5)	(1,35) .482	NS.	2.40	NS.	.461	NS.	.016
HVLT recognition	11.5 (.6)	11.1 (1.1)	11.5 (1.1)	10.6 (1.3)	(1,35) .581	NS.	9.69	.004	1.37	NS.	.038
BVMT learning^c	22.8 (8.4)	25.3 (9.7)	25.4 (8.1)	26.2 (6.2)	(1,33) .451	NS.	1.94	NS.	.492	NS.	.015
BVMT delayed recall	9.5 (3.3)	10.1 (2.9)	10.1 (2.2)	9.9 (2.3)	(1,33) .065	NS.	.445	NS.	1.05	NS.	.031
BVMT recognition	5.9 (.32)	6.7 (2.5)	5.8 (.39)	6.0 (.0)	(1,33) 1.53	NS.	2.86	NS.	1.21	NS.	.035
WASI comprehension^d	43.9 (8.9)		47.2 (10.9)		(1,41) 1.23	NS.
WASI similarities	47.7 (11.8)		48.5 (11.7)		(1,41) .054	NS.

Note: ^aCW1-4: Delis-Kaplan Colour-word interference test conditions 1, 2, 3 and 4 time in seconds.

^bHVLT: Hopkins Verbal Learning Test—Revised.

^cBVMT: Brief Visuospatial Memory Test—Revised.

^dWASI: Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence.