Association of plasma low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 (LRP1) with undernutrition: a case-control study in Bangladeshi adults

Figures & data

Figure 1. Flowchart for screening, exclusion and enrolment of the study participants.

Table 1. Descriptive characteristics of the study participants.

Variables	Healthy (n = 135)	Undernourished (n = 135)	p Value
n (%)
Sex
Male	40 (29.6)	25 (18.5)	<0.05*
Female	95 (70.4)	110 (81.5)	<0.05*
Smoking status (yes)	18 (13.3)	6 (4.4)	<0.05*
Substances abuse (yes)	9 (6.6)	9 (6.6)	0.9*
Median (IQR)
Age (years)	24 (19–30)	21 (19–26)	<0.05**
BMI (kg/m^2)	21.8 (20.2–23.5)	17.4 (16.8–18)	<0.05**
LRP1 (ng/mL)	1673.1 (1382.5–1886.2)	707.7 (588.6–839.9)	<0.05**
CRP (mg/L)	2.1 (0.9–4.4)	0.8 (0.2–1.7)	<0.05**
AGP (mg/dL)	75.8 (62.9–95.9)	64.7 (52.9–86.9)	<0.05**
Haemoglobin (g/dL)	13.2 (12–14.3)	12.4 (11.4–13.4)	<0.05**
Zinc (mg/L)	0.74 (0.7–0.8)	0.71 (0.6–0.8)	<0.05**
Ferritin (ng/mL)	59.9 (26.4–123.2)	43.7 (19.9–80.2)	<0.05**
Monthly family income (US$)	214.28 (154.76–297.61)	178.57 (119.04–238.09)	<0.05**

* Chi-square test was used for comparing categorical variables (sex, smoking status and substance abuse).

**Mann–Whitney’s U test was used for the comparison of continuous variables.

Figure 2. Scatter plot between LRP1 and BMI.

Table 2. Spearman’s correlation of LRP1 with BMI and different biomarkers both in healthy and undernourished participants.

Variables	BMI	LRP1	CRP	AGP	Haemoglobin	Ferritin	Zinc
BMI	1.00
LRP1	0.70*	1.00
CRP	0.35*	0.25*	1.00
AGP	0.17*	0.20*	0.36*	1.00
Haemoglobin	0.18*	0.25*	–0.06	–0.11	1.00
Ferritin	0.07	0.18*	0.07	0.01	0.36*	1.00
Zinc	0.11*	0.17*	0.01	–0.007	0.30*	0.20*	1.00

* p Value <0.05.

Figure 3. Comparison of Plasma LRP1 between healthy and undernourished participants.

Table 3. Multivariable logistic regression analysis to explore the association between plasma LRP1 and undernutrition.

Variables	OR	95%CI	p Value	Adj. OR	95%CI	p Value
Age	0.96	0.92, 0.99	<0.05	1.01	0.91, 1.11	0.81
Sex	1.85	1.04, 3.27	<0.05	0.56	0.06, 5.09	0.61
LRP1	0.99	0.99, 1.00	<0.05	0.98	0.98 , 0.99	<0.05
CRP	0.87	0.80, 0.94	<0.05	0.71	0.58, 0.87	<0.05
AGP	0.98	0.97, 0.99	<0.05	1.01	0.99, 1.03	0.25
Haemoglobin	0.75	0.65, 0.87	<0.05	0.65	0.42, 1.04	0.07
Ferritin	0.99	0.99, 1.00	<0.05	1.00	0.99, 1.01	0.47
Zinc	0.07	0.01, 0.63	<0.05	59.33	0.13, 27072.14	0.19
Smoking status	0.30	0.11, 0.78	<0.05	0.05	0.003, 0.763	<0.05
Substance abuse	0.99	0.38, 2.58	0.98

OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; Adj. OR: adjusted OR.

Data availability statement

The data set that was created during the study is not publicly available due to the restriction of funder. However, suggestion for data analysis can be made to corresponding author.