1,378
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
 

ABSTRACT

The platform economy is conquering the domestic work and home care sector in countries of the global North as a response to the scarcity of affordable quality care services. Based on in-depth interviews with workers, firms and stakeholders, the objective of our study is to unravel the new mechanisms of exploitation and invisibility of this reproductive work, carried out mainly by migrant women from the Global south. This article deploys a feminist political economy approach to assess the new inequalities created by the intrusion of platform capitalism in the social reproduction sphere. Our study shows how the platform labour model fits perfectly in an informal and devalued care sector with a large labour supply composed of migrant women from the global South. Digital platforms take advantage of inequalities of gender, race, and immigration status to access a precarious workforce. The low reservation wage and lack of agency of migrant women, who are denied access to other sources of income and formal employment, act as key elements in the advancement of the mechanisms of exploitation and exclusion. Though care platforms facilitate access to work by migrant women, their working conditions are characteried by precarity, lack of access to social protection and unemployment benefits. Our results confirm that digital platforms have reinforced the ‘casualisation’ of labour markets, gendered segregation and subjugation in labour markets.

L’économie des plateformes est en passe de conquérir le secteur du travail domestique et des soins à domicile dans les pays de l’hémisphère Nord, en réponse à la pénurie de services de soins de qualité abordables. Sur la base d’entretiens approfondis avec des travailleurs, des entreprises et des parties prenantes, nous avons mené une étude dont l’objectif est de déchiffrer les nouveaux mécanismes d’exploitation et d’invisibilité de ce travail reproductif, effectué principalement par des travailleuses migrantes originaires de pays de l’hémisphère Sud. Cet article adopte une approche féministe de l’économie politique pour évaluer les nouvelles inégalités créées par l’intrusion du capitalisme des plateformes dans la sphère de la reproduction sociale. Notre étude montre que le modèle du travail des plateformes s’inscrit parfaitement dans un secteur des soins informel et dévalorisé doté d’une main-d’œuvre abondante composée de femmes migrantes originaires de l’hémisphère Sud. Les plateformes numériques profitent des inégalités liées au genre, à la race et au statut d’immigration pour accéder à une main-d’œuvre précaire. Le faible salaire de référence et le manque de libre-arbitre des femmes migrantes, qui se voient nier l’accès à d’autres sources de revenus et de travail formel, constituent des éléments clés dans l’évolution des mécanismes d’exploitation et d’exclusion. Bien que les plateformes de travail de soins facilitent l’accès au travail pour les femmes migrantes, leurs conditions de travail se caractérisent par la précarité, le manque d’accès à la protection sociale et aux indemnités de chômage. Nos résultats confirment que les plateformes numériques ont renforcé la précarisation des marchés du travail, la ségrégation genrée et l’asservissement sur les marchés du travail.

La escasez de servicios de cuidado de calidad asequibles ha llevado a que la economía de plataforma esté conquistando el sector del trabajo doméstico y de los cuidados a domicilio en los países del Norte Global. Nuestro estudio tiene como objetivo desentrañar los nuevos mecanismos de explotación e invisibilidad que subyacen a este trabajo reproductivo, realizado principalmente por mujeres migrantes del Sur Global. Para ello se realizaron entrevistas en profundidad con trabajadoras, empresas y partes interesadas. Para evaluar las nuevas desigualdades creadas por la intrusión del capitalismo de plataforma en la esfera de la reproducción social, este artículo utiliza el enfoque de la economía política feminista. Nuestro estudio muestra cómo el modelo laboral de plataforma encaja perfectamente en el sector de cuidados informal, en el que existe una gran oferta de mano de obra integrada por mujeres migrantes del Sur Global. Las plataformas digitales aprovechan las desigualdades de género, raza y estado migratorio para conseguir mano de obra precaria. El bajo salario de reserva y la falta de agencia de las mujeres migrantes, a las que se niega la posibilidad de obtener otras fuentes de ingresos y un empleo formal, actúan como elementos fundamentales para profundizar los mecanismos de explotación y exclusión. Aunque las plataformas de cuidados facilitan a las mujeres migrantes el acceso al trabajo, sus condiciones laborales se caracterizan por la precariedad y la falta de protección social y prestaciones por desempleo. Nuestros resultados confirman que las plataformas digitales han reforzado la “precarización” de los mercados laborales, la segregación por razón de género y el sometimiento en los mercados de trabajo.

Acknowledgements

We thank the guest editors of the Gender & Development issue on ‘Women, Work and the Digital Economy’, Dr. Uma Rani and Dr. Ruth Castel-Branco, as well as the co-editors of the journal, Dr. Mahima Nayar and Dr. Shivani Satija, for their valuable comments and suggestions.

Notes

1 In Spain, care workers directly employed by a company will be included in the General Social Security Scheme and will have access to the corresponding employment rights (Law 39/2006). In contrast, care workers hired by a family will be considered domestic workers under a Special System for Domestic Employees (Royal Decree 1620/2011), which does not recognise fundamental rights such as unemployment benefits or protection against dismissal.

2 Aupair.com, Cleanzy, Domestico24, and Sitly.

3 The Spanish trade union CC.OO. is helping more than 500 workers waiting for a macro trial in 2023 to determine the employment relationship between them and the cleaning platform. The workers were sued for not paying their part of contributions to the social security system, because the platform had temporarily registered the workers without giving notice to them.

Additional information

Funding

This work was supported by Agencia Estatal de Investigación (Spanish State Research Agency) 10.13039/501100011033; grant number PID2019-105835RB-I00); and Fundación Centro de Estudios Andaluces, Junta de Andalucía 0.13039/501100011011, (grant number PRY074/19).

Notes on contributors

Paula Rodríguez-Modroño

Paula Rodríguez-Modroño is Senior Lecturer in Economics at Pablo de Olavide University, Spain. She is Director of the Interdisciplinary Centre of Women’s, Gender and Feminist Studies and the Master programme in Gender and Equality. Her research concerns feminist economics, gender inequalities in the labour market, care work and well-being, and transfomations of work and gender relations. She is currently the principal investigator of two research projects on the impacts of digitalisation and the gig economy on gender inequalities. Postal address: Department of Economics, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Carretera de Utrera Km.1 Sevilla ES41013, Spain. Email: [email protected]

Astrid Agenjo-Calderón

Astrid Agenjo-Calderón is Lecturer in Economics at Pablo de Olavide University, Spain, and a member of the research group EcoEcoFem and GEP&DO Observatory.

Purificación López-Igual

Purificación López-Igual is Assistant Professor in Economics at Pablo de Olavide University, Spain, and a member of the research group EcoEcoFem and GEP&DO Observatory.

Log in via your institution

Log in to Taylor & Francis Online

PDF download + Online access

  • 48 hours access to article PDF & online version
  • Article PDF can be downloaded
  • Article PDF can be printed
USD 53.00 Add to cart

Issue Purchase

  • 30 days online access to complete issue
  • Article PDFs can be downloaded
  • Article PDFs can be printed
USD 340.00 Add to cart

* Local tax will be added as applicable

Related Research

People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.

Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.

Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.