Healthcare satisfaction at the intersections of sexual orientation and race/ethnicity

Figures & data

Table 1. Interview states and years.

Alaska	2013, 2014
California	2013
Delaware	2014, 2016, 2017
Florida	2017
Georgia	2016
Idaho	2013, 2014
Iowa	2014
Kentucky	2014, 2016
Louisiana	2014, 2016, 2018
Maryland	2014
Massachusetts	2013, 2014
Michigan	2013, 2014
Minnesota	2014, 2016
Mississippi	2018
Montana	2013, 2014
Nevada	2014
New Mexico	2013, 2014, 2016, 2018
New York	2014
North Carolina	2013, 2014
Ohio	2013, 2014
Oregon	2013, 2014, 2018
Pennsylvania	2014, 2016
Rhode Island	2013, 2014
Tennessee	2018
Utah	2013, 2014
Vermont	2014
Virginia	2014
Washington	2013, 2014
Wisconsin	2013, 2014, 2017

Table 2. Weighted sample characteristics, by race/ethnicity and sexual orientation (n = 372,766).

	White			Black			Hispanic			Asian			Native American
	Het	G/L	Bi	Het	G/L	Bi	Het	G/L	Bi	Het	G/L	Bi	Het	G/L	Bi
Care satisfaction
Not at all	0.03	0.03	0.06	0.05	0.05	0.05	0.06	0.10	0.07	0.05	0.02	0.03	0.09	0.12	0.03
Somewhat	0.29	0.32	0.41	0.35	0.42	0.35	0.37	0.37	0.45	0.43	0.35	0.52	0.37	0.62	0.43
Very	0.67	0.64	0.53	0.60	0.54	0.60	0.56	0.53	0.47	0.52	0.63	0.45	0.54	0.26	0.54
Predisposing characteristics
Age at interview	56.5 (16.4)	51.4 (15.5)	44.6 (18.8)	52.6 (16.5)	42.8 (16.4)	40.1 (17.2)	45.4 (17.3)	39.2 (16.0)	35.0 (15.3)	41.5 (17.2)	34.0 (20.0)	33.2 (15.0)	50.0 (16.3)	42.6 (15.6)	39.8 (17.4)
Female	0.52	0.41	0.68	0.55	0.48	0.71	0.51	0.42	0.70	0.51	0.53	0.58	0.52	0.26	0.70
Married/Unmarried couple	0.62	0.40	0.39	0.37	0.18	0.12	0.55	0.26	0.33	0.57	0.25	0.43	0.46	0.41	0.27
Number of children in household	0.47 (0.97)	0.20 (0.63)	0.52 (0.96)	0.61 (1.06)	0.41 (0.92)	0.90 (1.33)	0.98 (1.26)	0.53 (0.99)	0.88 (1.22)	0.77 (1.04)	0.57 (1.07)	0.86 (1.09)	0.91 (1.31)	0.60 (1.08)	0.78 (1.24)
Education level
< = Highschool	0.39	0.29	0.40	0.49	0.49	0.48	0.61	0.41	0.51	0.22	0.21	0.40	0.53	0.46	0.52
Some college	0.33	0.33	0.37	0.32	0.28	0.39	0.25	0.35	0.34	0.27	0.36	0.29	0.34	0.40	0.23
College or more	0.29	0.39	0.23	0.18	0.22	0.13	0.14	0.24	0.15	0.51	0.43	0.31	0.13	0.14	0.24
Employed	0.55	0.60	0.53	0.53	0.58	0.50	0.58	0.62	0.52	0.60	0.65	0.49	0.50	0.67	0.55
Enabling resources
H’hold income <$25,000	0.23	0.27	0.42	0.45	0.52	0.58	0.49	0.49	0.56	0.24	0.25	0.46	0.49	0.38	0.57
Missed care due to cost	0.11	0.15	0.24	0.17	0.20	0.19	0.22	0.19	0.32	0.11	0.06	0.18	0.18	0.12	0.13
Insured	0.93	0.90	0.86	0.86	0.83	0.83	0.74	0.75	0.79	0.89	0.98	0.84	0.86	0.91	0.78
Personal doctor	0.85	0.82	0.74	0.79	0.72	0.69	0.63	0.70	0.66	0.75	0.49	0.65	0.71	0.77	0.71
Perceived need for care
Currently smoking	0.17	0.28	0.30	0.19	0.34	0.26	0.14	0.27	0.23	0.09	0.10	0.08	0.29	0.37	0.37
Heavy drinking	0.08	0.10	0.12	0.05	0.09	0.11	0.05	0.10	0.11	0.03	0.04	0.07	0.06	0.09	0.21
Overweight/obese	0.64	0.61	0.61	0.73	0.63	0.68	0.69	0.67	0.58	0.39	0.26	0.37	0.70	0.77	0.71
Number of chronic conditions	0.61 (0.88)	0.60 (0.87)	0.58 (0.82)	0.61 (0.88)	0.58 (0.88)	0.57 (0.86)	0.45 (0.77)	0.48 (0.85)	0.56 (0.86)	0.27 (0.58)	0.35 (0.69)	0.29 (0.62)	0.64 (0.96)	0.78 (1.04)	0.71 (1.01)
Sample size (Total n = 372,766)	298, 957	4,601	3,730	25, 761	349	394	25, 182	435	432	4,777	81	90	7,742	102	133

Note: a) Due to space limit, heterosexuals, gays and lesbians, and bisexuals are abbreviated as ‘Het’, ‘G/L’, and ‘Bi’, and age at interview is displayed up to one decimal. b) Standard deviations in parentheses.

Figure 1. Healthcare satisfaction (percentage) by race/ethnicity, sexual orientation and gender.

Table 3. Odds ratios from ordered logistic regression models predicting healthcare satisfaction (n = 372,766).

	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4
Predisposing characteristics
Race/ethnicity & sexual orientation (ref: white heterosexual)
White gay/lesbian	0.97	0.97	1.02	1.05
White bisexual	0.68***	0.67***	0.79***	0.82**
Black heterosexual	0.78***	0.83***	0.89***	0.89***
Black gay/lesbian	0.74	0.78	0.87	0.90
Black bisexual	0.93	0.97	1.10	1.13
Hispanic heterosexual	0.75***	0.81***	1.02	0.99
Hispanic gay/lesbian	0.66*	0.69	0.77	0.79
Hispanic bisexual	0.62**	0.63**	0.80	0.81
Asian heterosexual	0.65***	0.60***	0.60***	0.57***
Asian gay/lesbian	1.49	1.40	1.28	1.25
Asian bisexual	0.57*	0.56*	0.61	0.58*
Native American heterosexual	0.63***	0.67***	0.75***	0.77***
Native American gay/lesbian	0.26***	0.28***	0.25***	0.27***
Native American bisexual	0.77	0.78	0.80	0.86
Age at interview	1.01***	1.01***	1.01***	1.01***
Female		1.16***	1.17***	1.14***
Married/unmarried couple		1.13***	1.01	1.00
Number of children in household		0.97***	0.98*	0.98*
Education level (ref: high school or less)
Some college		1.09***	0.99	0.97
College or more		1.40***	1.16***	1.10***
Employed		0.95***	0.89***	0.89***
Enabling resources
Household income <$25,000			0.82***	0.84***
Missed care due to cost			0.26***	0.27***
Insured			1.20***	1.19***
Personal doctor			1.75***	1.77***
Perceived need for care
Currently smoking				0.76***
Heavy drinking				0.94*
Overweight or obese				0.92***
Number of chronic conditions				0.92***

Note: *p < .05 **p < .01 ***p < .001.

Figure 2. Adjusted Predicted Probabilities and 95% CIs for Lowest Satisfaction by Race/ethnicity.

Note: (1) Letters indicate significant pairwise comparison (all at p<.05) across sexual orientation groups; a = heterosexual, b = gay/lesbian, c = bisexual. (2) Heterosexual, gay and lesbian, and bisexual respondents are abbreviated as ‘Het’, ‘G/L’, and ‘Bi’, respectively, due to spatial limitation.

Figure 3. Adjusted Predicted Probabilities and 95% CIs for Lowest Satisfaction by Sexual Orientation.

Note: (1) Letters indicate significant pairwise comparison (all at p < .05) across racial/ethnic groups; a = white, b = black, c = Hispanic, d = Asian. (2) Hispanic and Native American respondents are abbreviated as ‘Hisp’ and ‘Native’, respectively, due to spatial limitation.

Data availability statement

Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System survey data are available from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (https://www.cdc.gov/brfss/index.html).