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Original Articles

Populism and representative politics in contemporary Europe

Pages 269-288 | Published online: 06 Aug 2006
 

Abstract

In this paper I apply the definition of populism that I laid out in P. Taggart, Populism (Buckingham: Open University Press, 2000) and argue that recent developments in Europe provide a fertile ground for the emergence of populism. Europe is taken to in its widest sense to include the European Union as well as the ‘wider Europe’. The argument of the paper is that populism will emerge (and has already appeared) in many different forms and will appear as a series of fractured instances. Combined with the self‐limiting effects of populism this means that populism will not amount to a wider ‘European’ force but its appearance does highlight dilemmas of representative politics in Europe.

Notes

This article is based on a paper presented at the Biannual Conference of the European Union Studies Association, Nashville Tennessee, March 2003. The author would like to thank the organisers of the panel at that conference, Catherine Fieschi and Erik Jones as well as the discussant Mitchell P. Smith for useful comments on the paper.

D. Imig, ‘Contestation in the streets: European protest and the emerging Euro‐polity’, Comparative Political Studies, 35 (2002), pp. 914–933.

H.‐G. Betz and S. Immerfall (Eds), New politics of the Right: Neo‐populist Parties and Movements in Established Democracies (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1998); P. Taggart, ‘New populist parties in Western Europe’, West European Politics, 18, 1 (1995), pp. 34–51.

P. Taggart and A. Szczerbiak, ‘The party politics of Euroscepticism in EU member and candidate states’, SEI Working Paper No. 51/EPERN Working Paper No. 6, April 2002, Sussex European Institute, Brighton. A. Szczerbiak and P. Taggart (Eds), Opposing Europe? The Comparative Party Politics of Euroscepticism: Volume 1: Case Studies and Country Surveys (Oxford: Oxford University Press, forthcoming 2005). A. Szczerbiak and P. Taggart (Eds), Opposing Europe? The Comparative Party Politics of Euroscepticism: Volume 2: Comparative and Theoretical Perspectives (Oxford: Oxford University Press, forthcoming 2005).

Y. Mény and Y. Surel, Par le Peuple, Pour le Peuple (Paris: Fayard, 2000); Y. Mény and Y. Surel, ‘The constitutive ambiguity of populism’, in Y. Mény and Y. Surel (Eds), Democracies and the Populist Challenge (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2002); P.‐A. Taguieff, L'Illusion populiste (Paris: Berg, 2002).

P. Taggart, The New Populism and the New Politics (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1996).

R. Eatwell, ‘The rebirth of the ‘extreme right’ in Western Europe?’, Parliamentary Affairs, 53 (2000), p. 412.

It is notable that a key work in the comparative study of populism actually contains relatively little by way of synthesis of the wealth of contextual material that it provides: G. Ionescu and E. Gellner (Eds), Populism: Its Meaning and National Characteristics (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1969). Cf. I. Berlin, R. Hofstader, R., MacRae, D., Scharpio, L., Seton‐Watson, H., Touraine, A., Venturi, F., Walicki, A., Worsely, P. et al., ‘To define populism’, Government and Opposition, 3 (1968), pp. 137–179.

M. Canovan, Populism (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1981).

Canovan, ibid., p. 104.

Ibid., p.109.

Ibid., p. 133.

Ibid., p. 136.

Ibid., p. 202.

Ibid., p. 229.

Ibid., pp. 269–273.

Ibid., pp. 291–292.

Ibid., p. 264.

Ibid., p. 298.

For a fuller explanation see P. Taggart, Populism (Buckingham: Open University Press, 2000).

Mény and Surel, 2000, op. cit., Ref. 5.

M. Canovan, ‘ “People”, politicians and populism’, Government and Opposition, 19, 3 (1984), pp. 312–327.

Mény and Surel, 2002, op. cit., Ref. 5.

D. Fuchs and H.‐D. Klingemann, ‘Citizens and the state: a relationship transformed’, in H.‐D. Klingemann and D. Fuchs (Eds), Citizens and the State (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995), pp. 419–443.

E. Meehan, Citizenship and the European Community (London: Sage, 1993); A. Wiener, ‘European’ Citizenship Practice: Building Institutions of a Non‐State (Boulder: Westview, 1998); D. N. Chryssochoou, Democracy in the European Union (New York, London: I. B. Tauris, 1998).

M. den Boer and W. Wallace, ‘Justice and home affairs: integration through incrementalism?’, in H. Wallace and W. Wallace (Eds), Policy‐Making in the European Union, 4th edn (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), p. 497.

Financial Times, 26 August 1998.

M. Gerszewska and J. Kucharczyk, Poles' Expectations Concerning Negotiations with the European Union (Warsaw (Poland), Institute of Public Affairs, 1998).

Taggart, op. cit., Ref. 6.

P. Taggart, ‘A touchstone of dissent: Euroscepticism in contemporary Western European party systems’, European Journal of Political Research, 33 (1998), pp. 363–388.

G. Marks and M. Steenerberg (Eds), Special Issue on ‘Dimensions of contestation in the European Union’, Comparative Political Studies, 35, 8 (2002).

G. Marks and M. Steenerberg, ‘Understanding political contestation in the European Union’, Comparative Political Studies, 35, 8 (2002), pp. 879–892.

Marks and Steenerberg, ibid., p. 882.

Marks and Steenerberg, ibid., pp. 889–890.

Marks and Steenerberg, ibid., p. 889.

Marks and Steenerberg, ibid., p.890.

R. Topf, ‘Electoral participation’, in H.‐D. Klingemann and D. Fuchs (Eds), Citizens and the State (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995), p. 50.

Fuchs and Klingemann, op. cit., Ref. 24.

R. J. Dalton, ‘Political support in advanced industrial democracies’, in P. Norris (Ed.), Critical Citizens: Global Support for Democratic Governance (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995), pp. 75–76.

J. Peterson, ‘The choice for EU theorists: establishing a common framework for analysis’, European Journal of Political Research, 39 (2001), pp. 289–318.

G. Benedetto, ‘Euroscepticism and failure of ‘blackmail’ potential in the European Parliament’, Paper presented at the ECPR Joint Workshops in Turin, Italy, March 2002.

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