Dual-task decrements in mono-, bi- and multilingual participants: Evidence for multilingual advantage

Figures & data

Table 1. Participant language abilities by groups.

Group	L1 (Native)	L2	L3	L4	L5
Monolingual	English (n = 18)	–	–	–	–
Bilingual	English (n = 16)	French (n = 4)	–	–	–
		Gujarati (n = 4)	–	–	–
		Hindi (n = 3)	–	–	–
		Pahari (n = 2)	–	–	–
		Bengali (n = 1)	–	–	–
		Tamil (n = 1)	–	–	–
		Urdu (n = 1)	–	–	–
Multilingual	English (n = 16)	Urdu (n = 5)	Hindi (n = 4)	French (n = 1)	Spanish (n = 1)
		French (n = 3)	Urdu (n = 4)	German (n = 1)	Swedish (n = 1)
		Punjabi (n = 3)	Nepali (n = 3)	Greek (n = 1)	–
		Greek (n = 2)	French (n = 2)	Hindi (n = 1)	–
		Hindi (n = 2)	Pahari (n = 2)	–	–
		Twi (n = 1)	Spanish (n = 1)	–	–

Table 2. Descriptive statistics—dual-task decrement.

					95% CI
Task	Group	Hand	Mean	SE	Lower	Upper
Verbal fluency	Monolingual	Left	3.28	5.24	−7.28	13.83
		Right	−28.28	6.41	−41.17	−15.39
	Bilingual	Left	−4.31	5.56	−15.50	6.88
		Right	23.92	6.79	10.26	37.59
	Multilingual	Left	−7.32	5.56	−18.51	3.87
		Right	63.28	6.79	49.61	76.94
Manual motor	Monolingual	Left	−1.29	1.38	−4.06	1.49
		Right	−21.22	1.31	−23.75	−18.47
	Bilingual	Left	−3.06	1.46	−6.00	−0.11
		Right	−3.45	1.39	−6.25	−0.65
	Multilingual	Left	−14.49	1.46	−17.44	−11.55
		Right	−3.00	1.39	−5.80	−0.20

Note: CI = Confidence Interval. SE = Standard Error. Monolingual n = 18; Bilingual n = 16; Multilingual n = 16.

Figure 1. Three-way interaction with 95% confidence intervals for slopes.

Data availability

The data for the study are available at https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/2698J.