Team boosting behaviours:Development and validation of a new concept and scale

Figures & data

Table 1. Initial items of team boosting behaviors

In our team, I set the example by doing.*(E)
I am the first to take action in our team.*(E)
I take initial action to set our team in motion.*(E)
I propose new ideas for our team.*(E)
I convince my fellow team members to join the action.*(E)
I stimulate our team.*(E)
I encourage our team.(E)
I activate my fellow team members.(E)
I take along my fellow team members.(E)
I give energy to our team.(E)
I pep up my fellow team members.(E)
I think of things to do together with our team.(E)
In our team, I make jokes.*(M)
I break a negative atmosphere in our team with a joke.*(M)
I try to entertain my fellow team members.*(M)
I tell stories when we meet.*(M)
I make sure that there is laughter in our team.*(M)
I add a cheerful touch to our team.*(M)
When things go wrong, I try to keep the spirits up.(M)
I cheer up my fellow team members.(M)
I put negative team events into a positive perspective in our team.(M)
In our team, I express my enthusiasm about good group results.(M)
I put disappointing team results into a positive perspective.(M)
I try to make working on our task fun.(M)
I influence the mood of our team.(M)
I approach my fellow team members in a personal way.*(U)
I strengthen the ties with my fellow team members.*(U)
I involve all my fellow team members in what we do.*(U)
I respond to my fellow team members’ needs.*(U)
I strengthen the ties between my fellow team members.*(U)
I assess the atmosphere in our team.*(U)
I know how to commit my fellow team members to me.(U)
I give attention to my fellow team members.(U)
I respond to my fellow team members’ feelings.(U)
I try to endear myself to my fellow team members.(U)
I involve all my fellow team members in our team.(U)
I connect my fellow team members with each other.(U)
I try to find out what our team needs.(U)
I make sure that no one is excluded from our team.(U)

*items that were included in the final 18-item version of the Team Boosting behavior scale. (E) = Energizing items; (M) = Mood-enhancing items; (U) = Uniting items.

Table 2. Summary of the factor analyses results for the 18-item team boosting behavior scale

				Study 2 – EFA^a					Study 3 – CFA^b
Item		M	SD	1	2	3	M	SD	1	2	3
	Mood-enhancing behaviors
1	I make sure that there is laughter in our team	4.68	1.25	.81			4.55	1.39	.90
2	In my team, I make jokes	4.53	1.23	.80			4.70	1.43	.83
3	I try to entertain my team mates	4.14	1.36	.77			4.17	1.49	.86
4	I add a cheerful touch to our team	4.42	1.21	.73			4.61	1.28	.86
5	I break a negative atmosphere in our team with a joke	3.85	1.42	.66			4.18	1.55	.81
6	I tell stories when we meet	4.03	1.38	.53			4.47	1.41	.68
	Energizing behaviors
7	I take initial action to set our team in motion	4.27	1.27		.82		4.10	1.31		.84
8	I am the first to take action in our team	3.90	1.32		.80		4.08	1.24		.76
9	In our team, I set the example by doing	4.51	1.31		.64		4.54	1.33		.71
10	I propose new ideas for our team	3.97	1.32		.57		4.21	1.29		.78
11	I stimulate our team	4.13	1.20		.55		4.05	1.23		.81
12	I convince my team mates to join the action	4.10	1.19		.51		4.19	1.26		.81
	Uniting behaviors
13	I strengthen the ties between my team mates	3.97	1.18			.76	4.17	1.25			.80
14	I strengthen the ties with my team mates	4.40	1.09			.74	4.76	1.20			.80
15	I respond to my fellow team members’ need	3.85	1.21			.54	4.44	1.21			.76
16	I approach my team mates in a personal way	5.17	1.21			.53	5.15	1.25			.63
17	I assess the atmosphere in our team	4.53	1.25			.50	4.55	1.29			.68
18	I involve all my team mates in what we do	4.49	1.27			.50	4.42	1.33			.77
	Eigenvalues			7.90	1.96	1.28			8.65	2.08	1.62
	% of variance			41.40	8.54	4.58			48.07	11.56	8.99
	α			.89	.88	.83			.92	.91	.88

Factor loadings >.32 are shown. Items were translated from Dutch to English. ^aN = 384. ^bN = 598.

Table 3. Descriptive statistics and correlations for all study 2 variables

		M	SD	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10
1	Team boosting behavior	4.27	0.83	-
2	Mood-enhancing behaviors	4.28	1.05	.84***	-
3	Optimism	3.67	0.72	.26***	.19***	-
4	Humor	3.42	0.75	.42***	.53**	.17**	-
5	Positive affect	3.86	0.64	.26***	.20***	.30***	.03	-
6	Negative affect	1.84	0.62	.03	-.02	-.14**	.04	-.44**	-
7	Energizing behaviors	4.15	1.00	.84***	.51***	.22***	.27***	.18**	.10*	-
8	Self-efficacy	3.64	0.64	.33***	.21***	.44***	.26***	.21***	-.07	.35***	-
9	Personal initiative	3.64	0.61	.45***	.24***	.31***	.21***	.26***	.01	.52***	.53***	-
10	Activity	3.23	0.71	.22***	.13**	.14**	.10*	.17**	.09^†	.24***	.18***	.29***	-
11	BAS^a	4.08	0.57	.27***	.22***	.13*	.20***	.23***	.05	.21***	.18***	.31***	.27***
12	Uniting behaviors	4.40	0.88	.87***	.60***	.25***	.24***	.29***	-.02	.65***	.28***	.40***	.19***
13	Agreeableness	3.85	0.52	.16**	.09^†	.32***	-.08	.37***	-.28**	.03	.14**	.11*	.01
14	EI-other^b	3.80	0.69	.28***	.21***	.15**	.20***	.08	.07	.17**	.20***	.24***	.13*
15	Machiavellianism	3.74	1.77	.17**	.17**	.04	.25***	-.08	.15**	.18***	.14**	.08	.16**
16	Interpersonal deviance	2.15	1.11	.13**	.20***	-.02	.18***	-.11*	.30***	.13*	-.01	-.05	.10*
17	Extraversion	3.72	0.64	.51***	.49***	.34***	.32***	.27***	-.05	.42***	.37***	.43***	.28***
18	Engagement	5.16	0.90	.31***	.18***	.29***	.10^†	.52***	-.25**	.27***	.24***	.35***	.27***
19	Emergent leadership	3.41	0.67	.39***	.27***	.21***	.31***	.05	.06	.45***	.44***	.50***	.22***
20	Team Boosting-Other^c	4.44	1.36	.59***	.57***	.26***	.45***	.20***	-.05	.50***	.25***	.30***	.18***
		11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19
1	Team boosting behavior
2	Mood-enhancing behaviors
3	Optimism
4	Humor
5	Positive affect
6	Negative affect
7	Energizing behaviors
8	Self-efficacy
9	Personal initiative
10	Activity
11	BAS^a	-
12	Uniting behaviors	.27***	-
13	Agreeableness	.01	.31***	-
14	EI-other^b	.28***	.35***	.28***	-
15	Machiavellianism	.17**	.07	-.33**	-.02	-
16	Interpersonal deviance	.10*	-.01	-.42**	-.09	.43***	-
17	Extraversion	.22***	.39***	.19***	.13*	.12*	.12*	-
18	Engagement	.44***	.34***	.25***	.13**	-.06	-.04	.33***	-
19	Emergent leadership	.16**	.27***	-.04	.03	.27***	.20***	.56***	.17**	-
20	Team Boosting-Other^c	.12*	.40***	.16**	.13*	.12*	.14**	.53***	.23***	.37***

Note. N = 384. ^a = Behavioural Activation System; ^b = Emotional intelligence regarding others; ^c = Extent to which the respondent believes that other team members consider him/her a team booster

^†p <.10; *p <.05; **p <.01; ***p <.001.

Table 4. Descriptive statistics and correlations for all study 3 variables (N = 120)

		M	SD	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13^a
1	Team boosting (max)	5.17	0.73	-
2	Mood-enhancing (max)	5.49	0.91	.78***	-
3	Energizing (max)	5.12	0.85	.81***	.43***	-
4	Uniting (max)	5.50	0.84	.81***	.57***	.65***	-
5	Team boosting (mean)	4.45	0.64	.84***	.67***	.71***	.70***	-
6	Mood-enhancing (mean)	4.52	0.81	.74***	.78***	.47***	.54***	.89***	-
7	Energizing (mean)	4.22	0.69	.75***	.44***	.81***	.57***	.87***	.62***	-
8	Uniting (mean)	4.61	0.68	.75***	.54***	.62***	.78***	.91***	.71***	.72***	-
9	Positive team mood	5.43	1.04	.25**	.16^†	.12	.28***	.18*	.19*	.02	.28**	-
10	Team proactivity	5.15	1.09	.34***	.22*	.27**	.38***	.25***	.22**	.16^†	.29**	.69***	-
11	Group cohesion	5.81	0.96	.20*	.12	.08	.22*	.13	.16^†	.01	.15^†	.71***	.62***	-
12	Positive team climate	6.61	0.61	.31**	.22*	.16^†	.30**	.30**	.32***	.13	.33***	.35***	.20*	.34***	-
13	Team work engagement^a	4.63	0.81	.32**	.22*	.28***	.30**	.38***	.30**	.26**	.48***	.49***	.41***	.36***	.50***	-
14	Team performance	5.92	0.79	.37***	.24**	.31**	.36***	.38***	.30**	.29**	.43***	.59***	.59***	.54***	.19*	.31**

^aN = 111. ^†p <.10; *p <.05; **p <.01; ***p <.001.