National unemployment rates and the meaning of work: a cross-level examination

Figures & data

Table 1. Results of HLM analyses in study 1.

	β
	Financial work meaning as the outcome				Non-financial work meaning as the outcome
	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4	Model 5	Model 6	Model 7	Model 8
Intercept	2.57***	2.93***	4.05***	4.35***	3.71***	3.66***	3.54***	3.46***
Unemployment rate	.17**	.03**	.02^+	.02	−.03***	−.03***	−.03**	−.03**
Education expenditure			−.15***	−.15***			.01	.01
Health expenditure			−.10***	−.09***			.03	.03
Age			.02***	.001			−.002***	−.00
Gender (Male)			.20***	.20***			−.12***	−.14***
Have children or not			.01***	.001			.004	.001
Years of education			−.004**	−.003**			.001**	.001^+
Yearly household income			−.003***	−.002***			.00	.00
Fear		.12***		.12***		−.02***		−.03***
AIC	142792.4	104017.8	91024.8	75183.3	135471.4	98596.9	86399.9	71444.7
BIC	142835.9	104068.1	91123.9	75288.2	135514.8	98647.2	86498.8	71549.5
Log likelihood	−71391.2	−52002.9	−45500.4	−37578.7	−67730.7	−49292.5	−43188.0	−35709.3
F	7.02***	286***	393.65***	560.71***	10.83***	22.58***	120.78***	128.87***

Note: ⁺p < .10, * p < .05, ** p < .01, ***p < .001. Have children or not (1) = yes; (0) = no. Z score of yearly household income in a country was used.

Table 2. Results of HLM analyses in study 2.

	β
	Financial work meaning as the outcome
	Model 1	Model 2
Intercept	3.25***	41.00**
Unemployment rate	.04^+	1.29*
Education expenditure		−6.73*
Health expenditure		−.01*
Age		−.01***
Gender (Male)		−.04
Years of education		−.05***
Income $5,000 to $10,000^a		.05
Income $10,000 to $20,000 ^a		−.01
Income more than $20,000^a		.05
AIC	39289.4	9074.8
BIC	39319.2	9146.5
Log likelihood	−19640.7	−4525.4
F	3.10^+	65.27***

Note: ⁺p < .10, *p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001. ^aIncome less than $5,000 was used as the reference group.

Figure 1. Yearly unemployment rate and financial work meanings in study 2.

Note: Numbers on the left Y-axis represent financial work meaning; numbers on the right Y-axis represent the yearly unemployment rate of the United States; numbers on the X-axis represent the year of data collection.

Figure 2. Mediation results for study 3.

Note: ⁺p = .06, *p < .05, ***p < .001. Standardized regression weights are presented.

Data availability statement

The data used in this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.