Maintaining the impact of action-oriented entrepreneurship training: the role of error mastery orientation for training transfer in an active learning setting

Figures & data

Figure 1. Dynamic mediated model showing how error mastery orientation promotes new venture creation by facilitating the maintenance of entrepreneurial action over time in the context of action-oriented entrepreneurship training.

Table 1. Comparison of means (M) and proportions ($\hat{p}$) of respondents across measurements.

	Respondents at T0		Respondents at T1		Respondents at T2		Comparison T0-T2		Comparison T1-T2
	M/$\hat{p}$	SD	M/$\hat{p}$	SD	M/$\hat{p}$	SD	t/χ^2	p	t/χ^2	p
Year of studies	1.81	0.89	1.80	0.89	1.69	0.85	0.88	0.379	0.80	0.424
Error mastery orientation	3.87	0.56	3.87	0.57	3.94	0.51	0.85	0.398	0.84	0.404
Entrepreneurial action (T0)	1.33	0.86	1.33	0.85	1.19	0.63	1.29	0.201	1.28	0.205
Gender^a,b	0.35		0.34		0.21		3.12	0.077	2.54	0.111
Business courses taken^a,c	0.30		0.30		0.27		0.05	0.830	0.05	0.815
Entrepreneurial experience^a,c	0.34		0.34		0.31		0.09	0.761	0.08	0.779
Family business ownership^a,c	0.77		0.78		0.77		0.00	1.000	0.00	0.999
New venture creation (T0)^a,c	0.18		0.18		0.13		0.36	0.548	0.35	0.552

^aProportion ($\hat{p}$) and Chi²-statistic (χ²) in case of binary variables; ^b0 = female, 1 = male; ^c0 = no, 1 = yes; N_T0 = 175, N_T1 = 164, N_T2 = 52.

Table 2. Descriptive statistics.

Variables	M/$\hat{p}$	SD	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
1. Error mastery orientation	3.87	0.56
2. Entrepreneurial action (T0)	1.33	0.86	.05
3. Entrepreneurial action (T1)	1.80	1.36	.22**	.05
4. Entrepreneurial action (T2)	1.89	1.37	.32*	−.11	.36**
5. New venture creation (T0)	0.18		.12	.36**	.04	.06
6. New venture creation (T1)	0.39		.06	.14	.30**	.34**	.33**
7. New venture creation (T2)	0.40		.39**	.00	.26	.66**	.13	.45**
8. Gender^a,b	0.35		−.06	−.03	.06	.03	.11	.08	.25
9. Family business ownership^a,c	0.77		.01	.13	.05	.09	.19**	.00	.17	−.05
10. Entrepreneurial experience^a,c	0.34		.11	.22**	.10	.08	.65**	.24**	.05	.04	.22**

^aProportion ($\hat{p}$) in case of binary variables; ^b0 = female, 1 = male; ^c0 = no, 1 = yes; N_T0 = 175, N_T1 = 164, N_T2 = 52; *p < .05, **p < .01.

Table 3. Growth curve models of the maintenance of new venture creation over time dependent on error mastery orientation.

	Model 1		Model 2		Model 3
	New venture creation		New venture creation		New venture creation
Variables	B	SE	B	SE	B	SE
Intercept	−1.42**	(0.24)	−1.46**	(0.24)	−1.60**	(0.28)
Inverse Mills ratio	−0.45	(0.94)	0.24	(1.01)	0.78	(1.10)
Gender^a	0.96	(0.56)	0.70	(0.58)	0.49	(0.63)
Family business ownership	0.18	(0.46)	0.20	(0.46)	0.02	(0.51)
Entrepreneurial experience	2.49**	(0.48)	2.37**	(0.48)	2.43**	(0.53)
Time	1.38**	(0.28)	1.36**	(0.29)	1.17**	(0.31)
Time squared	−0.74*	(0.31)	−0.86**	(0.33)	−0.73*	(0.36)
Error mastery orientation			0.73	(0.39)	0.60	(0.43)
Time × Error mastery orientation			0.03	(0.49)	−0.43	(0.55)
Time squared × Error mastery orientation			1.31*	(0.63)	1.62*	(0.71)
Entrepreneurial action					0.88**	(0.18)
R^2(marginal)/R^2(conditional)	.30/.55		.33/.57		.43/.66
Deviance (−2LL)	384.79		376.01		336.87

Unstandardized coefficients are shown; ^a0 = female, 1 = male; N = 391 observations nested in 175 participants; *p < .05, **p < .01.

Table 4. Growth curve models of the maintenance of entrepreneurial action over time dependent on error mastery orientation.

	Model 1		Model 2
	Entrepreneurial action		Entrepreneurial action
Variables	B	SE	B	SE
Intercept	1.60**	(0.06)	1.60**	(0.06)
Inverse Mills ratio	−0.86**	(0.33)	−0.52	(0.35)
Gender^a	0.43*	(0.19)	0.30	(0.20)
Family business ownership	0.17	(0.15)	0.17	(0.15)
Entrepreneurial experience	0.37**	(0.14)	0.31*	(0.14)
Time	0.39**	(0.09)	0.39**	(0.09)
Time squared	−0.20	(0.12)	−0.22	(0.12)
Error mastery orientation			0.28*	(0.12)
Time × Error mastery orientation			0.42*	(0.16)
Time squared × Error mastery orientation			−0.07	(0.23)
R^2(marginal)/R^2(conditional)	.08/.15		.11/.17
Deviance (−2LL)	1,222.48		1,215.71

Unstandardized coefficients are shown; ^a0 = female, 1 = male; N = 391 observations nested in 175 participants; *p < .05, **p < .01.

Figure 2. Transfer maintenance curves of new venture creation over time dependent on error mastery orientation (EMO).

Figure 3. Transfer maintenance curves of entrepreneurial action over time dependent on error mastery orientation (EMO).

Data availability statement

Available upon request.