Gender differences in work-life conflict during Covid? A research agenda for work-life conflict post-pandemic

Figures & data

Table 1. Gender and WLC.

Gender		N	Mean	Std. Deviation	Std. Error Mean
WLC	Male	76	3.3911	0.99686	0.11435
	Female	259	3.6013	0.86384	0.05368

Table 2. Correlation - Gender, Dependent Children and WLC.

		WLC	Dependent children	Dependent children (BIN A)	Dependent children (BIN B)
WLC	Pearson Correlation	–
	N	347
Dependent children	Pearson Correlation	.155**	–
	Sig. (2-tailed)	0.005
	N	330	330
Dependent children (BIN A)	Pearson Correlation	.166**	.977**	–
	Sig. (2-tailed)	0.003	0.000
	N	330	330	330
Dependent children (BIN B)	Pearson Correlation	.174**	.931**	.977**	–
	Sig. (2-tailed)	0.002	0.000	0.000
	N	330	330	330	330

Note: **. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

Table 3. Independent T Test.

		Levene’s Test for Equality of Variances		t-test for Equality of Means
		F	Sig.	t	df	Sig. (2-tailed)	Mean Difference	Std. Error Difference	95% Confidence Interval of the Difference
									Lower	Upper
WLC	Equal variances assumed	3.976	0.047	−1.799	333	0.073	−0.21012	0.11683	−0.43993	0.01970
	Equal variances not assumed			−1.663	110.140	0.099	−0.21012	0.12632	−0.46045	0.04022

Table 4. Independent Samples Effect Size.

		Standardizer^a	Point Estimate	95% Confidence Interval
				Lower	Upper
WLC	Cohen’s d	0.89552	−0.235	−0.491	0.022
	Hedges’ correction	0.89755	−0.234	−0.490	0.022
	Glass’s delta	0.86384	−0.243	−0.500	0.014

Note: a. The denominator used in estimating the effect sizes. Cohen’s d uses the pooled standard deviation. Hedges’ correction uses the pooled standard deviation, plus a correction factor. Glass’s delta uses the sample standard deviation of the control group.

Table 5. Anova.

Model		Sum of Squares	Df	Mean Square	F	Sig.
1	Regression	2.594	1	2.594	3.235	.073^b
	Residual	267.053	333	0.802
	Total	269.647	334

Note: a. Dependent Variable: WLC

b. Predictors: (Constant), Gender

Table 6. Coefficients.

Model		Unstandardized Coefficients		Standardized Coefficients	t	Sig.	95.0% Confidence Interval for B
		B	Std. Error	Beta			Lower Bound	Upper Bound
1	(Constant)	3.391	0.103		33.012	0.000	3.189	3.593
	Gender	0.210	0.117	0.098	1.799	0.073	−0.020	0.440

Note: a. Dependent Variable: WLC

Table 7. Residual Statistics.

	Minimum	Maximum	Mean	Std. Deviation	N
Predicted Value	3.3911	3.6013	3.5536	0.08813	335
Residual	−2.60126	1.60885	0.00000	0.89418	335
Std. Predicted Value	−1.843	0.541	0.000	1.000	335
Std. Residual	−2.905	1.797	0.000	0.999	335

Table 8. Descriptive Statistics – Gender, Role and WLC.

Gender	Role	Mean	Std. Deviation	N
Male	Other	3.3923	1.03012	57
	Management	3.3876	0.91606	19
	Total	3.3911	0.99686	76
Female	Other	3.5672	0.88817	184
	Management	3.6848	0.80057	75
	Total	3.6013	0.86384	259
Total	Other	3.5258	0.92447	241
	Management	3.6248	0.82873	94
	Total	3.5536	0.89851	335

Table 9. Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances.

		Levene Statistic	df1	df2	Sig.
WLC	Based on Mean	2.661	3	331	0.048
	Based on Median	2.682	3	331	0.047
	Based on Median and with adjusted df	2.682	3	324.537	0.047
	Based on trimmed mean	2.810	3	331	0.040

Note: Tests the null hypothesis that the error variance of the dependent variable is equal across groups. a. Dependent variable: WLC b. Design: Intercept + Gender +Role + Gender * Role

Table 10. Tests of Between-Subjects Effects.

Source	Type III Sum of Squares	df	Mean Square	F	Sig.	Partial Eta Squared
Corrected Model	3.332^a	3	1.111	1.380	0.249	0.012
Intercept	2213.713	1	2213.713	2751.397	0.000	0.893
Gender	2.506	1	2.506	3.115	0.078	0.009
Role	0.143	1	0.143	0.178	0.673	0.001
Gender * Role	0.169	1	0.169	0.209	0.647	0.001
Error	266.315	331	0.805
Total	4500.041	335
Corrected Total	269.647	334

a. R Squared =.012 (Adjusted R Squared =.003)