The territoriality of personalization: New avenues for decentralized personalization in multi-level Western Europe

Figures & data

Table 1. Descriptive statistics for personalization of campaigns.

Country	Personalization of campaigns (1–5)
	National MPs		Strong regional MPs		Weak regional MPs
	n	M ± SD	n	M ± SD	n	M ± SD
Austria	40	2.42 ± 1.03	144	2.64 ± 1.18	–/–	–/–
Belgium	46	3.13 ± 1.09	65	3.12 ± 1.15	–/–	–/–
France	45	3.49 ± .97	–/–	–/–	23	3.61 ± .94
Germany	112	3.17 ± .94	111	3.08 ± .94	–/–	–/–
Italy	36	2.67 ± 1.22	6	1.67 ± 1.03	64	2.94 ± 1.25
Portugal	52	2.48 ± 1.00	–/–	–/–	32	2.09 ± 1.00
Spain	78	1.85 ± .98	–/–	–/–	117	1.74 ± .95
Switzerland	32	2.72 ± 1.02	389	2.77 ± 1.15	–/–	–/–
United Kingdom	16	2.94 ± 1.18	–/–	–/–	33	3.09 ± 1.13
Total	457	2.75 ± 1.14	715	2.81 ± 1.14	269	2.39 ± 1.24
	Demographic features
	Gender		Rookie MP		Leadership position
Group of gov’t	Male	Female	Rookie	Veteran	Yes	No
National	310	147	201	256	39	418
Strong regional	498	217	292	423	130	585
Weak regional	173	96	141	128	84	185
Total	981	460	634	807	253	1188

Figure 1. Mean differences of personalization of campaigns by MP territoriality.

Table 2. Explaining personalization of campaigns by territoriality of MPs.

Variables	Personalization of campaigns
	National MPs			MPs from stronger regions			MPs from weaker regions
	B	S.E.	p	B	S.E.	p	B	S.E.	p
Independent variables
Log constituency area	–.07 (–.03)	.16	.67	–.21 (–.14)	.07	<.01**	.69 (.28)	.23	<.01**
Local media access	.07 (.06)	.05	.21	–.01 (–.01)	.04	.82	.13 (.14)	.06	.03*
Controls
Rookie MP (dummy)	–.19 (–.08)	.11	.10	.08 (.04)	.08	.32	.09 (–.04)	.14	.50
Leadership position (dummy)	.08 (.02)	.22	.73	.25 (.09)	.11	.03*	–.22 (–.08)	.16	.15
Female MP (dummy)	–.37 (–.15)	.12	<.01**	.13 (.05)	.09	.15	.35 (.14)	.14	.01*
MP Party in gov’t (dummy)	–.33 (–.14)	.11	<.01**	–.36 (–.14)	.09	<.001***	.09 (.04)	.14	.50
Strict party discipline	–.11 (–.06)	.09	.22	–.03 (–.01)	.09	.74	–.25 (–.11)	.13	.05
Constant	3.42***	1.06	<.001***	4.06***	.33	<.001***	.18	1.08	.87
Adjusted R^2	.05			.04			.10
N	457			715			269

Note: Standardized coefficients are in parentheses.

*p < .05.

**p < .01.

***p < .001.